Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element for both humans and animals. Selenium agronomic strengthening of forage is an effective method to solve the low selenium content of forage resources in selenium-deficient areas. In this paper, the research status of forage selenium agronomic enhancement at home and abroad is summarized, and the agronomic enhancement methods of forage selenium (soil base application, foliar spraying, selenium soaking), the physiological effect of selenium on forage, the toxicity of excessive selenium to forage, the absorption and accumulation of exogenous selenium in forage and the application of selenium-rich forage in livestock and poultry production are summarized. The aim is to provide scientific basis for the development and utilization of selenium-rich forage and selenium-rich livestock and poultry products.
As the global greenhouse effect intensifies and hot weather persists year after year, heat stress has become one of the significant factors jeopardizing livestock production. Heat stress not only adversely affects animal productive performance but also impacts their reproductive physiology, thereby reducing reproductive efficiency and causing substantial economic losses in the livestock industry. The reproductive process in cattle is complex and involves a prolonged dynamic sequence, during which various stages-such as follicular development, ovulation, fertilization, and pregnancy-are susceptible to external influences. Of particular concern is the pronounced impact of high summer temperatures on conception rate, pregnancy rate, and embryo viability. When animals experience heat stress, they employ several adaptive mechanisms to regulate body temperature, aiming to mitigate damage caused by heat. This review primarily discusses the effects of heat stress on bovine reproductive physiology, focusing on follicular development, granulosa cells, oocytes, and embryonic development. Additionally, it briefly outlines the self-regulatory strategies employed by cattle to cope with heat stress. The purpose of this paper is to provide guidance for alleviating the impact of heat stress on bovine reproductive physiology.
In order to investigate the genetic diversity and matrilineal origin of Tan sheep in Gansu province, the study focused on Tan sheep from Huanxian, Jingtai and Jingyuan counties in Gansu Province. The mtDNA D-loop region sequences of the Tan sheep were obtained through PCR amplification and direct sequencing. The analysis included genetic diversity, genetic structure and the construction of a phylogenetic tree. The results showed that a total of 7 different mtDNA D-loop sequences of varying lengths (ranging from 1 107 to 1 183 bp, with 1 182 bp being the most common) were identified among the three Tan sheep populations. The average contents of A, G, T, C, A+T and C+G in the three populations were 33.24%, 14.29%, 29.56%, 22.88%, 62.87% and 37.18%, respectively, with A+T significantly higher than that of C+G. A total of 154 mutation sites and 33 haplotypes were identified, with an average haplotype diversity (Hd) of 0.977 and nucleotide diversity (Pi) of 0.035 for the mtDNA D-loop sequences across the three Tan sheep populations. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the 41 Tan sheep sampled could be divided into three branches, suggesting the existence of three maternal lineages among Gansu Tan sheep. The study concludes that Gansu Tan sheep exhibit rich genetic diversity, genetic stability, and three distinct maternal origins.
In order to elucidate the adaptation mechanisms of different tissues of yak and cattle fetuses to the high-altitude environment at the transcriptome level, the fetal muscle and brain tissues of three Qinghai plateau yaks and three Chaidamu cattle were selected for transcriptome analysis. The homologous protein coding genes of these two species were identified with the ENSEMBL database. DESeq2 was used to screen out differentially expressed homologous genes, and then the GO and KEGG enrichment analysis was performed to explore the regulatory mechanism of fetal adaptation to plateau hypoxia. The results showed that the high-expressed differential homologous genes in yak and cattle fetal tissues were significantly enriched in the HIF-1 hypoxia signaling pathway(P<0.05), and the expression level of HIF1A, EPAS1 and EGLN1 genes, which related to hypoxia adaptation, in cattle fetal tissue is 10 to 100 times higher than that of yak. These results demonstrate that the expression of hypoxia-related genes in yak fetal tissue might be related to its adaptation to living on the plateau, while the cattle fetal tissue responds to the adaptive changes in the plateau hypoxic environment by inducing a large amount highly expressed hypoxia gene. These results provide the basic data for in-depth study of the hypoxic adaptation mechanism of yak and cattle fetuses.
In order to explore the structure and function of proteins encoded by candidate genes ALDH18A1 and PRKAG1 for milk production traits in Guanzhong dairy goats, the selected signals of ALDH18A1 and PRKAG1 genes on the genome were analyzed based on Fst, θπ and Tajima’D methods. The linkage disequilibrium analysis of the selected sites was carried out to identify the linkage situation of the sites. Finally, the structure of the gene encoded protein was determined by bioinformatics analysis, and the influence of non-synonymous mutations in the gene on the encoded protein was predicted, which laid a theoretical foundation for molecular breeding of Guanzhong dairy goats.
This study aimed to investigate the effects of a compound Chinese herbal preparation on the performance, egg quality, serum antioxidant indices, and immune parameters of laying hens in the late egg-laying period. 540 70-week-old Nongda No. 3 layers were randomly divided into three groups, with ten replicates per group and 18 hens per replicate. The control group was fed a basal diet, while the low- and high-dose groups received the basal diet supplemented with 0.5% and 1% of the compound herbal preparation, respectively. The experiment lasted 60 days. Results showed that, compared to the control, supplementation with 1% of the herbal preparation significantly increased egg production rate and decreased feed-to-egg ratio (P<0.05); it also markedly enhanced the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), as well as the total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) (P<0.05) in the serum. Additionally, serum interleukin-2 (IL-2) levels were significantly elevated, while malondialdehyde (MDA) content was significantly reduced (P<0.05). The addition of both 0.5% and 1% of the preparation significantly improved egg albumen height and Haugh units (P<0.05), and notably decreased serum interleukin-1β (IL-1β) levels (P<0.05). In summary, dietary supplementation with the compound herbal preparation in the late laying period effectively enhanced the production performance and egg quality of Nongda No. 3 hens, while also improving their antioxidant capacity and immune function. Considering the comprehensive results, a 1% inclusion level of the herbal preparation is recommended.
The aim of the experiment was to study the effects of replacing part of corn and soybean meal with bran or alfalfa pellets on the growth performance, serum biochemical indexes and economic benefits of finishing pigs. A total of 240 healthy Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire crossbred pigs, with an average weight of 36.74±0.18 kg and around 104 days of age, were randomly divided into three groups, namely, the control group, the bran group and the alfalfa group, with five replicates per group and 16 pigs (half male and half females) per replicate. The control group was fed a corn-soybean meal basal diet based on the NRC (2012) nutritional standards, and the experimental group was fed 10% bran or alfalfa pellets instead of corn and soybean meal in the basal diet. The pigs were pre-fed for 7 days and then formally fed for 96 days. The results showed that: (1) There were no significant differences in initial and final body weights among the three groups (P>0.05). Compared with the control group, both the bran group and the alfalfa group had significantly increased average daily feed intake of the finishing pigs from 61~96 d and from 0~96 d (P<0.05). The feed-to-meat ratio of the finishing pigs from 34~61 d were significantly increased (P<0.05). (2) There were no significant differences in live weight, carcass weight, slaughter rate and backfat thickness among the groups (P>0.05). (3) Compared with the control group, the gluten group exhibited significantly increased activities of alanine aminotransferase and glutamine aminotransferase as well as the concentration of albumin (P<0.05); the activity of alkaline phosphatase in alfalfa group was significantly increased (P<0.05); and the content of high-density cholesterol in the serum of the two experimental groups was significantly increased (P<0.05). (4) For economic benefits, the average profit per pig in the bran group was 27.63 yuan higher than that in the control group, and the average profit per pig in the alfalfa group was 38.38 yuan higher than that in the control group. These results indicate that replacing corn and soybean meal in some of the basal diets with 10% bran or alfalfa pellets can improve the growth performance of finishing pigs, and have no effect on carcass traits, both of which significantly increased the content of high-density cholesterol in the serum of finishing pigs, and were able to reduce the feed cost of finishing pigs, and improve the breeding efficiency.
To investigate the correlation between wool color and early growth performance in lambs, a study was conducted using a resource population of F2 hybrid lambs produced from multiple birth of Suffolk and Altay sheep. The wool color of the lambs was observed and recorded, and the initial birth weight and weights at 1~6 months of age were continuously measured for lambs of different coat colors. Statistical analysis was performed to assess the growth differences among lambs of different coat colors. The results indicated that the F2 lamb population comprised 5 coat colors, including white, black, gray, brown and mixed colors. The proportion of white lambs was the highest, while brown and black had the lowest proportion. The difference in birth weight of the five coat colors was not significant (P>0.05). At one month of age, the body weight of white male lambs was significantly greater than that of female lambs (P<0.05). At 2 months of age, the body weight of white and mixed male lambs was significantly greater than that of female lambs (P<0.01), and that of black male lambs was significantly greater than that of female lambs (P<0.05). At 3 months of age, the body weight of mixed male lambs was significantly greater than that of female lambs (P<0.01), and the body weight of white, black, and grey male lambs was significantly greater than that of female lambs (P<0.05). At 4 months of age, the body weight of black, grey and mixed male lambs was significantly greater than that of female lambs (P<0.05). At five months of age, the body weight of white and mixed male lambs was significantly higher than that of female lambs (P<0.05). As the age of lambs increased, the cumulative growth and absolute growth of lambs of the five wool colors gradually increased. The daily wight gain of white lambs was significantly higher than black lambs at 2 months of age (P<0.01). At 3 months of age, the cumulative growth of white lambs was significantly higher than that of black lambs (P<0.05). At 5 months old, the cumulative growth of black lambs was significantly higher than that of brown lambs (P<0.05). These findings suggest that wool color influences the early growth and development of F2 hybrid lambs, but does not affect body weight changes between sexes. White lambs exhibit faster early weight gain and growth. The research results provide a basis for the genetic improvement of local sheep breeds.
The study aimed to explore the effects of pig species on intestinal microbiota composition, and analyze the structural characteristics and differences of intestinal microbiota of different pig breeds, and to provide theoretical basis for pig germplasm innovation. In this study, under the same feeding conditions, Large White pigs, Landrace White pigs, Duroc pigs and Pitland pigs of similar age, 10 from each, were selected for analysis of their intestinal microbiota by utilizing 16S rRNA gene sequencing technology on rectal contents. Significant differences were observed in the composition and structure of intestinal microbiota in different pig species, and insignificant differences in the composition of microbiota between Pitland pig and other three pig species. In terms of phylum level, the dominant bacteria of the four pig species were the same: Fimicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria and Spirochaetes, with significantly lower Firmicutes (P<0.05) and significantly higher Bacteroidetes (P<0.05) in Pitland pigs than in the other three breeds. Alpha diversity indices comparison showed Pitland pigs had significantly higher Chao 1 index and Faith_pd index than Duroc pigs (P<0.05), and significantly higher Observed_species index than Large White pigs (P<0.05), and Duroc pigs (P<0.01). Using LEfSe analysis, 21 differentially enriched species were identified among the four strains, with g_Brevibacillus, o_Bacillales and f_Paenibacillaceae being specific strains in Duroc intestinal microbiota. g_Bacteroides, f_Bacteroidaceae and g_Ruminiclostridium_5 were the specific bacteria in the intestinal microbiota of Landrace White pigs. c_Bacteroidia, p_Bacteroidia and other 14 kinds of bacteria were specific to the intestinal microbiota of Pitland pigs. p_Firmicute was the only specific bacteria in the intestinal microbiota of Large White pigs. Functional prediction results showed significant secondary pathways among the four breeds (P<0.05). Validation analysis indicated a certain correlation between p_Bacteroidia, p_Firmicute and backfat thickness. This study revealed the relationship between intestinal microbiota and breeds, showing inter-group differences in the structural composition of intestinal microbiota among the four pig breeds. The intestinal microbiota of the Pitland pigs significantly differed from the other three groups in Firmicutes and Bacteroides (P<0.05), indicating a certain correlation between pig breeds and intestinal microbiota.
To investigate the effects of different diluents and thawing methods on the cryopreservation of donkey semen, this experiment utilized glycerol as an cryoprotectant to compare the effects of freezing diluents containing different sugars on the cryopreservation of donkey semen, and selected a group with better results. Subsequently, in this diluent, various antioxidants including Resveratrol (B), Chlorogenic acid (L), Procyanidins from grape seed (P), and their combination were added, and the effects of different antioxidants on the cryopreservation donkey semen were compared. Finally, the selected diluent containing the best combination of sugars and antioxidants was used to cryopreserve donkey semen, and three different thawing methods were compared for their effects on semen quality. The results showed that after cryopreservation with the “glucose + lactose” diluent, sperm motility rate, motility, plasma membrane integrity and motion parameters were significantly higher than those in the “glucose” and “glucose + sucrose + lactose” diluent group (P<0.05). Similarly, the above sperm evaluation indicators of the antioxidant P group were significantly higher than those of the BL, LP, and BLP groups (P<0.05), with no significant difference observed between the B, L, and control groups, but their values were higher. The SOD activity in the P, L and BLP groups was significantly higher than that in the control (P<0.05). The CAT activity of BL and BP groups was also significantly higher than that of the control (P<0.05). After thawing the semen at 62 ℃ for 8 seconds, the sperm motility rate, motility, plasma membrane integrity, VCL and VAP were significantly higher than those at 38 ℃ for 30 seconds (P<0.05). Therefore, the addition of 0.06 g/L proanthocyanidins from grape seeds to “glucose+lactose” diluent can enhance the cryopreservation effect of donkey semen, and the high temperature rapid thawing method at 62 ℃ for 8 seconds is suitable for thawing frozen donkey semen.
This study aimed to promote the conversion of ammonia nitrogen in livestock and poultry manure and inhibit the over-release of ammonia contributing to foul odors, and provide microbial resources with ammonia removal functions for microbial treatment of farm manure. Soil microbiota under pig manure was directionally screened and continuously domesticated to isolate highly efficient ammonia-degrading strains. The strain was identified, and its growth law and ammonia nitrogen transformation characteristics were studied. Additionally, its nitrogen metabolism pathways under aerobic conditions were examined. The results showed that strain KXY5 is a Bacillus altitudinis. Strain KXY5 can utilize sodium citrate, glucose, sucrose, soluble starch, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, and other carbon sources to grow and transform ammonia nitrogen. It exhibits good adaptability in environments with high ammonia nitrogen concentration (up to 1800 mg/L), temperatures between 25 ℃ and 42 ℃, NaCl concentrations of 0.1%~3%, and pH ranging from 7.5 to 8.5. When sodium tripolyphosphate was used as the sole nitrogen source, with an initial ammonia nitrogen concentration of 540.68 mg/L, under conditions of 30 ℃, pH 7.5, 0.1% NaCl, and 4% inoculation volume, strain KXY5 achieved a transformation rate of 83.68% after 72 hours through assimilation and nitrification pathways. Among this, 65.68% of ammonia nitrogen was assimilated and fixed, and 1.6% was converted to nitrate nitrogen. In summary, Bacillus altitudinis KXY5 has a significant potential and application prospect in the treatment of ammonia nitrogen in livestock and poultry manure.
To investigate the effects of irrigation and nitrogen management on microbial populations, physiological and biochemical characteristics of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.) leaves, this study included a control group (0 m3/hm2 (W0), 0 kg/hm2 (N0), three levels of irrigation amount (1 200 m3/hm2 (W1), 1 800 m3/hm2 (W2), and 2 400 m3/hm2 (W3)) and three levels of nitrogen application rates (160 kg/hm2 (N1), 240 kg/hm2 (N2), and 320 kg/hm2 (N3)). The results showed that irrigation amount and nitrogen application rates had no significant effects on physiological characteristics except for water content (P>0.05). From N1 to N3, soluble protein content tended to increase, but total phenol content tended to decrease. Different water-nitrogen combinations extremely affected the quantities of Escherichia coli, yeast and azotobacter (P<0.05). The aerobic bacteria count of W2 was significantly higher than that of W0 and W1 (P<0.05), but W1 had the highest yeast counts. Nitrogen application only significantly affected the quantities of yeast and azotobacter (P<0.05), with N2 having the highest yeast count but the lowest azotobacter count. In conclusion, with the increase of irrigation amount and nitrogen application, the number of some microorganisms exhibits regular changes. The chemical characteristics affect the variations in some microorganisms, however, the relationship between physiological characteristics and microbial number was relatively weak. This study provides a basis for field management and regulation of microbial number changes on forage leaves.
To determine the pathogenic causes of respiratory distress, depression, diarrhea and anus paste, and even death in young rabbits of a large scale rabbit farm in Xinjiang, pathological examinations were conducted on the lungs, livers, and intestinal contents of deceased rabbits collected from the farm. The pathogens were isolated, cultured, observed morphologically, biochemically identified, and confirmed via PCR. In addition, virulence genes and resistance genes were tested, along with pathogenicity trials in mice and drug sensitivity testing to analyze pathogen virulence and drug resistance, aiming to provide a scientifically sound treatment plan for the affected rabbit farm. The results showed that a Gramnegative short bacillus strain was isolated from the morbid rabbit, which was positive for maltose, citrate and cotton candy, and negative for hydrogen sulphide and peptone water (indigo substrate test). PCR identification and sequencing confirmed the isolate as Klebsiella pneumoniae, which carried a total of seven resistance gens: sul1, blaTEM, blaSHV, TEM, aac(6')-Ib, aph(3')-Ia and tet(A), as well as four virulence genes: ompc, ompA, papc and fimH. The strain was found to be sensitive to ceftazidime and butamocarbamate, but resistant to gentamicin and tetracycline. Pathogenicity test in mice revealed that the livers and lungs of the deceased mice were enlarged and exhibited minimal haemorrhages, while the small intestines showed hemorrhagic swelling, indicating that the isolate strain has a certain level of pathogenicity in mice. In conclusion, the pathogen responsible for the morbidity and mortality of juvenile rabbits in this farm is Klebsiella pneumoniae. This study provides valuable references for the prevention and control of rabbit Klebsiella pneumoniae in rabbits.
Theileria spp., an important parasitic protozoan, primarily infects the red blood cells, macrophages, and lymphocytes of sheep, causing ovine theileriosis. This disease is characterized by clinical symptoms such as lethargy, anemia, high fever, malnutrition, and enlargement of superficial lymph nodes. To identify the species of Theileria infecting sheep exhibiting typical symptoms at a farm in Shaanxi Province, as well as to analyze their genetic and evolutionary relationships, six blood samples were collected from affected animals. These samples were examined using morphological methods, including stained blood smears and microscopic observation. Additionally, molecular analyses were conducted by extracting DNA from the samples and amplifying the Theileria SSU rRNA gene through PCR, followed by sequencing, sequence alignment, and phylogenetic tree construction. Morphological observation preliminarily confirmed the presence of Theileria infection in red blood cells. Molecular analysis revealed PCR amplification products of approximately 770 bp, consistent with the expected size of the target gene. Sequencing of the positive PCR products yielded a 773 bp target gene sequence. Sequence analysis showed that the Theileria isolates from this study shared 100% identity with the T. luwenshuni isolate derived from goats in Hainan Province (GenBank reference sequence: MK680191), and they clustered within the same branch of the phylogenetic tree, indicating a close genetic relationship. In conclusion, T. luwenshuni appears to be widely distributed among sheep in Shaanxi Province and exhibits genetic diversity. This study provides valuable reference data for the effective and integrated control of ovine theileriosis.
The greenhouse gas emissions generated during animal husbandry production account for a significant proportion of total agricultural greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, measuring and analyzing the greenhouse gas emissions in the animal husbandry production process and their influencing factors is crucial to achieving energy conservation and emission reduction in the sector. Based on panel data of pig production across various provinces in China from 2010 to 2020, this study employs the IPCC emission coefficient method to calculate the greenhouse gas emissions from pig production in different regions. It utilizes regression models to empirically test the influencing factors of greenhouse gas emissions and proposes policy recommendations to mitigate the emissions related to pig production: (1) establish and enhance a technical system for greenhouse gas emission reduction in pig production; (2) formulate differentiated low-carbon development strategies to address uneven regional development; and (3) implement multiple measures to stabilize pork prices. The total greenhouse gas emissions from pig production in China from 2010 to 2020 exhibit a characteristic trend of “fluctuation-significant decline-stability”. The annual average greenhouse gas emissions in the central region remain the highest, followed by the eastern and western regions. The rise in pork prices and the preferential allocation of fiscal spending have a suppressive effect on greenhouse gas emissions from pig production, while the value of pig production and investments in environmental pollution control contribute to an increase in greenhouse gas emissions from pig production.
To elucidate the spatiotemporal characteristics of carbon emissions from the animal husbandry industry in Quzhou and identify key emission reduction pathways, this study adopted the GHG inventory calculation method recommended by the IPCC. It analyzed the spatiotemporal variations in GHG emissions from animal husbandry across counties (cities, districts) in Quzhou City from 2003 to 2021, focusing on GHG emissions and emission intensity. The results show that the GHG emissions from livestock farming in Quzhou City decreased from 38.59×104 t CO2-eq in 2003 to 27.48×104 t CO2-eq in 2021, showing an overall increasing and then decreasing trend with a reduction of 28.79% and an average annual decrease of 1.52%. Swine farming dominates livestock and poultry production in Quzhou City, accounting for 17.39% to 33.07% of the total livestock production from 2003 to 2021. Among the counties, Qujiang District has the highest swine farming output, representing 60% to 84% of the city's total swine farming. CH4 emissions from livestock and poultry manure management are the main contributors to the GHG emissions in Quzhou, accounting for 50.49% of the total emissions, followed by N2O emissions from manure management and CH4 emissions from enteric fermentation. The GHG emissions intensity per unit value of livestock industry and per unit animal protein in Quzhou both show a decreasing trend, reducing from 1.93 t CO2-eq·yuan-1 and 14.6 t CO2-eq·t·pro-1 in 2003 to 0.62 t CO2-eq·yuan-1 and 7.8 t CO2-eq·t·pro-1 in 2021. However, there are significant differences in emission reductions among the counties. In summary, the livestock industry in Quzhou City is moving towards green and low-carbon development, but there is a need for balanced development across all counties. It is recommended to focus on major swine farming counties (cities, districts) in the future and actively explore sustainable manure treatment methods such as integrated crop-livestock farming and carbon reduction policies to promote green and low-carbon development in animal husbandry industry in Quzhou City.
The main source of ammonia gas in pig farms is the ammonia nitrogen in liquid manure. The efficient removal of ammonia nitrogen is of great significance for the effective treatment of ammonia gas from manure. In this study, effluent generated from soaking pig manure in water was taken as the research object, and the removal rate of ammonia gas and ammonia nitrogen was used as the measurement index to study the ammonia removal effect of ten strains of Bacillus. The experimental results showed that all ten strains of bacteria had the effect of removing ammonia nitrogen. Among them, five strains, namely Bacillus licheniformis WL, B. mucilaginosus, B. methylotrophicus, B. megateriumde, B. subtilis GY, achieved an ammonia nitrogen removal rate of over 50% under laboratory conditions after 72 h. The ammonia nitrogen removal rate of the composite of the five strains was almost the same as that of the single strain. The treatment experiment of effluent generated from soaking pig manure in water showed that B. megateriumde had an efficient removal rate of both ammonia gas and ammonia nitrogen, with a relative removal rate of 27% for ammonia gas after 6 hours, and a relative removal rate and absolute removal rate of 63% and 64%, respectively, for ammonia nitrogen after 24 hours. The results of this study provide theoretical guidance and practical reference for the effective treatment of ammonia gas and ammonia nitrogen in pig farms with effluent generated from soaking pig manure in water.
Porcine ileitis is a worldwide swine intestinal infectious disease caused by Lawsonia intracellularis. It can affect the growth and differentiation of normal cells, leading to damage in the intestines. Globally, with the increase in feed additives prohibition and intensification of swine farming, the positive rate of ileitis in pig farms gradually increased in recent years, posing a serious threat to the swine industry. This paper systematically reviews researches on porcine ileitis from four aspects: epidemiology, clinical symptoms and pathological features, infection process and mechanism, and prevention and control measures, aiming to provide references for further research and control of the disease.
The rapid development of modern biotechnology has made molecular techniques an essential tool for disease diagnosis, pathogen detection and disease prevention and control. In the study of diseases in Hu sheep, the application of molecular techniques has not only enhanced the accuracy and efficiency of disease diagnosis but has also provided new insights for exploring the mechanisms of disease pathogenesis. This paper reviews the progress of molecular techniques in the research of disease resistance genes in Hu sheep, as well as their application in disease diagnosis, prevention, and control, and resistant breeding. The aim is to provide strong support for the early diagnosis and treatment of diseases in Hu sheep and for research and application in the selection of disease-resistant breeding programs.
Journal of Domestic Animal Ecology
Monthly ,Founded in 1980
Superintendent: Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China
Sponsored by: Northwest A&F University
Chief Editor: CHEN Yulin
website: jcst.magtech.com.cn
ISSN 1673-1182
CN 61-1433/S
Mailing code: 52-112
Abstract
Download PDF
