06 March 2026, Volume 47 Issue 3

    

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  The Active Ingredients of Rosemary Extract and Its Application in Laying Hen Production

  WU Yumiao, WANG Hanju, JIAO Xiufen, WANG Hongliang

  Journal Of Domestic Animal Ecology. 2026, 47(3): 1-7. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1673-1182.2026.03.001

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  Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis, ROS) is a natural aromatic plant whose extracts exhibit a variety of physiological functions, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities. It can effectively prevent and treat animal diseases, offering the advantages of being green, safe, and environmentally friendly. Following the implementation of China's antibiotic-free feed policy, rosemary extract has emerged as a novel natural feed additive, opening new pathways for the development of healthy livestock and poultry production. This article reviews the established biological functions and mechanisms of action of rosemary extract, summarizes its application effects in layer production, and provides a foundation for further development and utilization of rosemary extract in China's livestock and poultry industry.
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  Advances in Intestinal Microbial Alleviating Pathogenic Diarrhea in Calves

  YANG Kairi, LI Bin, WEN Dongxu, CAO Ze, MI Jiandui

  Journal Of Domestic Animal Ecology. 2026, 47(3): 8-16. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1673-1182.2026.03.002

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  Diarrhea is a common disease in calf breeding and is one of the major causes of calf mortality, leading to decreased productivity and economic losses. The causes of diarrhea in calves are complex and can be classified into non-pathogenic and pathogenic. Pathogenic diarrhea is primarily caused by infections from viruses, bacteria and parasites. Studies have shown that diarrhea can trigger an imbalance in the intestinal microbiota. Given that the colonization and development of the intestinal microbiota are crucial for calf health, regulating the intestinal microbial community through methods such as probiotics and fecal microbiota transplantation to alleviate diarrhea has become a hotspot at present. This paper reviews the characteristics of intestinal microorganisms in calves, microbial therapies for alleviating diarrhea, and methods for monitoring and predicting diarrhea symptoms. The findings are of reference significance for developing technologies and products based on intestinal microbiota to improve calf intestinal health and promote sustainable development of the livestock industry.
  
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  DNA Methylation of MEST Genes during Differentiation of Goat Intramuscular Precursor Adipocytes

  WANG Zipeng, XU Lei, YU Fengjiao, GAO Xiaoxiao, ZHAO Jinshan, LI Hegang, CHENG Ming, HE Jianning

  Journal Of Domestic Animal Ecology. 2026, 47(3): 17-23. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1673-1182.2026.03.003

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  To investigate the regulatory mechanisms of the mesoderm specific transcript (MEST) gene transcription and its promoter DNA methylation levels during the differentiation of intramuscular preadipocytes in goats, this study isolated and cultured goat intramuscular preadipocytes as experimental materials. The expression changes of the MEST gene during cell differentiation were detected using real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) technology. Bioinformatics tools were employed to predict the CpG islands in the promoter region of the MEST gene, and bisulfite sequencing PCR (BSP) method was applied to analyze the methylation status of these CpG islands. The results showed that the mRNA expression level of the MEST gene before differentiation was significantly higher than after differentiation (P<0.01). Two CpG islands were identified in the promoter region of the MEST gene. Comparing day 0 and day 4 of differentiation, it was found that the methylation rate of the target fragment in the promoter region of the MEST gene increased significantly from 79.2% to 88% (P<0.05). Further analysis demonstrated a significant negative correlation between the MEST gene mRNA expression level and the methylation level of the promoter region (r=-0.997, P<0.0001). These findings indicate that both the expression level of the MEST gene and the methylation level of its promoter region undergo significant changes before and after differentiation of goat intramuscular preadipocytes, with the expression of the MEST gene being negatively regulated by the methylation of its promoter region.
  
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  Molecular Pedigree Construction and Inbreeding Assessment of Hanjiang Black Pig

  CAO Minghao, YUAN Tiantian, LI Dong, WANG Yulong, YU Taiyong

  Journal Of Domestic Animal Ecology. 2026, 47(3): 24-30. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1673-1182.2026.03.004

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  This study aims to elucidate the pedigree structure and degree of inbreeding among Hanjiang black pigs, providing essential research insights for the development of genetic breeding and breeding programs. Whole genome resequencing was conducted on 60 Hanjiang black pigs, followed by population genetics analysis and genomic characterization. The results show that Hanjiang black pigs are classified into four distinct families; Families 1, 2, and 4 share similar lineage compositions, while Family 3 exhibits distinct characteristics; Principal components analysis results align with Admixture outcomes; Homozygosity and inbreeding coefficients are consistent across the genome within each family of Hanjiang black pigs, with the number and length of Runs of Homozygosity (ROH) showing a linear correlation. Notably, families 1 and 2 display low inbreeding coefficients, whereas some individuals in family 4 and all of family 3 exhibit higher levels of inbreeding. The construction of a molecular pedigree and assessment of genomic characteristics based on SNP information offer valuable insights for the conservation and utilization of Hanjiang black pigs.
  
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  Estimation of Genetic Parameters for Main Growth Traits of Large White Pigs and Landrace Pigs

  ZHANG Huiying, ZHU Lili, JIANG Xuanye, YU Taiyong, YANG Gongshe, PANG Weijun, SHI Xin'e, JIN Jianjun

  Journal Of Domestic Animal Ecology. 2026, 47(3): 31-36. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1673-1182.2026.03.005

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  This study aims to analyze the fixed effects and estimate heritability parameters for growth traits in Large White and Landrace pigs. Through a systematic analysis of key growth traits in these two major breeds, the research provides a foundational basis for subsequent breeding programs. The target populations in this study consisted of Large White and Landrace pigs from a core breeding farm in Shaanxi Province. Pedigree information comprising 8 981 records (7 425 for Large White and 1 556 for Landrace) and growth trait records totaling 6 626 entries (5 594 for Large White and 1 032 for Landrace) were collected and documented from 2021 to 2023. The effects of birth year, season of birth, parity, birth weight, and age at testing on growth traits were analyzed using ASReml-R statistical software. Genetic parameters(variance components, heritability, and genetic correlations) were estimated through multiple-trait animal model. The traits analyzed included age to 100 kg(AGE) and average daily gain to 100 kg (ADG). The findings indicated that birth year, season of birth, parity, and age at testing exerted highly significant or significant effects (P<0.01; P<0.05) on the growth traits of both Large White and Landrace pigs. The heritability estimates for AGE and ADG were 0.441 and 0.436 for Large White, and 0.468 and 0.481 for Landrace, respectively, indicating high heritability. The genetic correlation coefficients between AGE and ADG were -0.999 for both breeds, and the phenotypic correlation coefficients were also -0.999, reflecting a strong negative relationship. The results demonstrate that fixed effects such as birth year, season, parity, birth weight, and age at testing should be appropriately considered during the breeding process to optimize growth traits. These findings provide a theoretical basis and valuable reference for genetic selection and breeding strategies in pigs.
  
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  Effects of Fermented Goji Berry Residue on Performance, Serum Immune Index and Antioxidant Function of Tan Sheep

  LI Pan, ZHAN Cong, WNAG Yue, YANG Yu, ZHANG Lianquan, WANG Wenliang, XU Xiaochun

  Journal Of Domestic Animal Ecology. 2026, 47(3): 37-44. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1673-1182.2026.07.006

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  This experiment was conducted to study the effects of fermented goji berry residue on performance, serum immune indexes and antioxidant function of Tan sheep. A total of 48 ram lambs of Tan sheep, aged 3-4 months and weighing (28.26 ± 1.03) kg, were randomly assigned to two groups, with 24 replicates per group. The dietary treatments consisted of a basal diet supplemented with 0% (control group) and 4% fermented goji berry residues (experimental group), and the trial duration was 68 days, with an 8-day pre-feeding period. The results showed that the average daily gain (ADG) of individuals in the experimental group was significantly higher than that of the control group (P<0.05). The serum immunoglobulin A (IgA) content in the experimental group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.05), while the tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) content was significantly lower(P<0.05). Serum malondialdehyde (MDA) activity in the experimental group was significantly decreased compared to the control group (P<0.05), whereas the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in the liver was significantly increased (P<0.05). The mRNA expression levels of IL-2, IL-6, and IFN-γ in lymphocytes showed significant differences, with relative expression levels markedly elevated in the experimental group (P<0.05), whereas the relative expression levels of IL-4 and TGF-β1 tended to decrease, although not significantly. In summary, dietary supplementation with fermented goji berry residues can significantly enhance the growth performance of fattening Tan sheep, markedly improve serum immune globulin and glutathione peroxidase content, significantly reduce TNF and MDA levels, and modulate immune and antioxidant functions, thereby promoting animal health and growth.
  
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  Nutritive Value of Different Feed Ingredients and Their Effect on in vitro Fermentation Characteristics of Beef Cattle

  XIA Min, XIAO Haixiang, LIU Wenchang, LI Jing, ZHANG Xiandong, MI Hui, HE Banglin, LI Fuqiang, XIAO Zhengzhong, XIAO Dingfu

  Journal Of Domestic Animal Ecology. 2026, 47(3): 45-51. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1673-1182.2026.03.007

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  The aim of this experiment was to analyze the nutritional composition of different feedstuffs and to assess their methane production potential and their effect on the in vitro fermentation characteristics of beef cattle using in vitro gas production. Soybean meal, rapeseed meal, sesame meal, palm meal, brewer's lees, dry white wine lees and dry corn lees were used as fermentation substrates, and the gas production, dry matter degradation rate (DMD), volatile fatty acid (VFA), ammoniacal nitrogen (NH₃-N), microbial protein (MCP), and pH were determined using gas-producing flasks with in-vitro gas-producing method. The results showed that the highest crude protein (CP) among the raw materials were soybean meal (47.88%) and sesame meal (47.30%), followed by rapeseed meal (39.91%). Soybean meal and canola meal had the fastest gas production rate (P<0.01) at 0h-24h of fermentation, with the rapid gas production of canola meal being significantly higher than that of other fermentation substrates (P<0.01). Fermentation of soybean meal and canola meal produced significantly higher total VFA and acetic acid concentrations than the other substrates (P<0.01). The in vitro degradation rate of soybean meal (82.39%) was the highest, significantly higher than that of the rest of the substrates (P<0.01); the NH₃-N concentration of sesame meal (30.97%) was the highest, significantly higher than that of the rest of the substrates (P<0.01); and the MCP concentration of canola meal (56.75%) was the highest, significantly higher than that of the rest of the substrates (P<0.01). Methane emissions varied among fermentation substrates, with soybean meal (22.15%) and canola meal (20.91%) having significantly higher methane emissions than the rest of the substrates (P<0.01), while dry white wine lees (13.28%) had the lowest methane emissions (P<0.01). In summary, there are some differences in nutritional value, in vitro fermentation characteristics and methane emission among different feeds, among which canola meal with high in vitro fermentation dry matter digestibility, gas production and microbial protein content is a suitable protein source for ruminant diets and can be developed and utilized as a good protein feed resource.
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  Effects of Hydroponic Barley Seedling on Growth Performance, Rumen Fermentation Parameters and Microflora of Hu Sheep

  DUAN Jichao, XIAO Xujie, JING Chunmei, XI Linqiao

  Journal Of Domestic Animal Ecology. 2026, 47(3): 52-61. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1673-1182.2026.03.008

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  This experiment aimed to investigate the effects of different proportions of hydroponic barley (HB) on the growth performance, rumen fermentation, and rumen microbial community of Hu sheep, and provide a theoretical basis for the application of HB in mutton sheep. Fifty healthy Hu sheep, aged four months and with similar body weight (18.97±1.36 kg), were selected and randomly allocated into five groups, with 10 replicates per group. The groups were supplemented with 0% (control group), 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% HB to replace the corn stalk and corn silage in the basal diet (on a dry matter basis). The preliminary trial lasted for 15 days, followed by a formal feeding period of 60 days. Body weights were measured at the beginning and end of the experiment, and rumen fluid was collected at the end of the experiment for determination of rumen fermentation parameters and rumen microbial community. The results showed that: (1) DMI in the 15% HB and 20% HB groups was significantly lower than that in the CON group (P＜0.05), and F/G in the 10% HB, 15% HB, and 20% HB groups was significantly lower than that in the CON and 5% HB groups (P＜0.01). (2) Rumen pH decreased with increasing inclusion of hydroponic barley, with the 20% HB group being significantly lower than the CON, 5% HB, and 10% HB groups (P＜0.01). Concentrations of NH₃-N, acetate, propionate, butyrate, and TVFA increased with increasing inclusion of hydroponic barley, with the 20% HB group being significantly higher than the other groups (P＜0.01). (3) Compared with the CON group, the relative abundances of Saccharimonadia and Gammacproteobateria in the experimental groups and the 5% HB group significantly decreased (P＜0.05), while the relative abundances of Negativicutes and Ruminococcaceae_UCG_002 in the 10% HB, 15% HB, and 20% HB groups significantly increased (P＜0.05). Rumen_bacterium showed negative correlations with acetate concentration (P＜0.05,r=-0.497) and TVFA (P＜0.05, r=-0.452). Prevotella showed a significantly negative correlation with A/P (P＜0.05, r=-0.506). Unclassfied_F082 showed negative correlations with propionate concentration (P＜0.01, r=-0.587), pH (P＜0.05, r=-0.490), and A/P (P＜0.01, r=0.580), while Saccharofermentans showed a positive correlation with A/P (P＜0.01, r=0.622). In conclusion, supplementing hydroponic barley in the diet can improve the production performance of Hu sheep, regulate rumen fermentation, and alter the rumen microbial community structure, with the optimal proportion being 15%~20%.
  
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  Interaction of Sperm Density, R848 Concentration and Incubation Time on Sperm Sorting Efficiency in Dairy Goats

  HU Zhangtao, LIAO Yunqiong, BIE Zhiwen, GUO Songmao, XIAN Ming, LI Zichen, OUYANG Lidi, ZHOU Xudong, LI Yu, HU Jianhong, CHEN Yulin

  Journal Of Domestic Animal Ecology. 2026, 47(3): 62-69. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1673-1182.2026.03.009

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  Immunological separation is a new method to achieve sex control. X and Y sperm can be separated by direct activation of differential proteins, but the sorting system is still imperfect and the separation effect is unstable. In this study, fresh semen from 10 dairy goats was collected. The effects of sperm density (3×10⁸, 6×10⁸, 9×10⁸ cells/mL), concentration of activator R848 (0, 0.2, 0.6, 1.0, 1.4, 1.8 μmol/L) and incubation time (30, 45, 60 min) on the isolation of X and Y sperm of dairy goats were analyzed. The proportion of sperm after sorting was detected by flow cytometry. The results showed that, compared to the conventional diluted semen group (X-sperm proportion: 51.4%), the proportion of X-sperm was significantly increased (P<0.01) when collecting the lower stream of semen. Specifically, under sperm densities of 3×10⁸, 6×10⁸, and 9×10⁸ cells/mL, with the addition of 1.4 μmol/L R848 and twice incubation for 60 min, 30 min, and 45 min respectively, the X-sperm proportions reached 87.9%, 88.1%, and 84.4%, representing increases of 36.5%, 36.7%, and 33.0% compared to the control group. Similarly, compared to the conventional diluted semen group (Y-sperm proportion: 51.0%), the proportion of Y-sperm was also significantly increased (P<0.01) when collecting the upper stream of semen. At a sperm density of 6×10⁸ cells/mL with either 1.4 μmol/L R848 incubated for 30 min or 0.6 μmol/L R848 incubated for 45 min, as well as at a sperm density of 9×10⁸ cells/mL with 0.6 μmol/L R848 incubated for 60 min, the Y-sperm proportions were 83.7%, 85.7%, and 84.4%, respectively. These corresponded to increases of 32.7%, 34.7%, and 33.4% compared to the control group. Under suitable interaction conditions, the sperm TLR7/8 sorting system of dairy goats can obtain high-purity sex-controlled semen, and its accuracy reaches 85%, therefore, the goat sperm TLR7/8 sorting system is preliminarily established to improve the sex control technology of dairy goats based on immunological separation.
  
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  Effects of Sheep Manure Application Rate and Silage Additive Supplementation on Whole-Plant Corn Silage Quality

  ZHANG Yue, FAN Ziwen, LI Taotao, MA Youji

  Journal Of Domestic Animal Ecology. 2026, 47(3): 70-76. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1673-1182.2026.03.010

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  This study investigated the effects of different sheep manure application rates and silage additives on the agronomic traits, yield quality, nutritional composition, and economic benefits of silage corn (cultivar Xianyu 1321). The results showed that sheep manure application rate significantly affected silage corn yield (P<0.05). Yield was significantly positively correlated with plant height and average daily height increase (P<0.05), with correlation coefficients of 0.936 and 0.561, respectively. It also showed positive correlations with ear length (0.019) and stem diameter (0.233). Compared with the control group, the experimental groups showed significantly higher dry matter and crude protein contents (P<0.05). In experimental group III, crude fat, calcium, and phosphorus contents were all significantly increased (P<0.05). Neutral detergent fiber content was significantly higher in groups II, III, and IV (P<0.05), while starch content was significantly increased in groups III and IV (P<0.05). Under the same sheep manure application rate, the addition of silage inoculant B, compared with silage inoculant A, significantly increased silage dry matter, crude fat, crude protein, and lactic acid content, while reducing neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, acetic acid, butyric acid content, and pH. The profits of treatments I, II, III, and IV were all higher than that of the control group, with treatment III (applying 60 m³/hm² of sheep manure) achieving the highest profit. The results indicate that sheep manure application can improve both the yield and nutritional quality of silage corn, with an optimal application rate of 60 m³/ hm² delivering the highest economic benefit. Moreover, silage inoculant B is suitable for promotion in practical production.
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  Research Progress and Prospects of Intelligent Monitoring Technology for Ewe Estrus

  MAO Xiaorui, JI Zhibin, CHEN Xinwen, GONG Ping, ZHENG Wenxin, GUO Leifeng

  Journal Of Domestic Animal Ecology. 2026, 47(3): 77-81. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1673-1182.2026.03.011

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  Estrus monitoring serves as a crucial component in livestock husbandry. It is not only a key phase in the animal reproduction process but also a foundational task for enhancing reproductive efficiency and optimizing production management. With the scale and intensification of the breeding industry, the realization of intelligent and automated estrus monitoring has become an inevitable trend for improving reproductive efficiency and farming profitability. This paper reviews the current research on the estrous behavior of breeding ewes and estrus detection technologies. Furthermore, it explores the feasibility of three estrus monitoring warning systems using intelligent collars, video monitoring technology, and sound monitoring technology. These methods aim to achieve precise identification of estrus in sheep, providing support for the exploration of estrus monitoring technologies to enhance farming efficiency and achieve innovative development in the industry.
  
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  Development Status and Prospects of Technology Equipment for Collection and Transportation of Livestock and Poultry in Breeding Houses

  DOU Jiao, ZHONG Rikai, GAO Yanyu

  Journal Of Domestic Animal Ecology. 2026, 47(3): 82-87. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1673-1182.2026.03.012

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  The collection and transportation of livestock and poultry is a weak link in the production process of animal husbandry. As the scale of farming continues to expand, the output and mortality rates of livestock and poultry in China have gradually increased, leading to a growing  demand for automation and intelligent technology in collection and transportation equipment. Effectively addressing the issues of delays, inefficiencies, and labor intensiveness in the collection and transportation process of livestock and poultry is of significant importance for enhancing farming efficiency and animal welfare. This paper takes broilers and pigs as examples and reviews the current status of development of collection and transportation technology and equipment for livestock and poultry, focusing on two aspects: the transportation of live animals and the collection of deceased animals. Combined with the actual demand of production processes, the paper proposes key research directions for livestock and poultry collection and transportation technology and equipment, providing references for the further research and the development of new technologies and strategies, with the aim of promoting high-quality development in the animal breeding industry.
  
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  Influencing Factors of Carbon Emissions in Livestock and Poultry Farming Based on LMDI

  YANG Yanfen, CUI Shuai, JIANG Fugui, HU Xin, BO Huibin, SONG Enliang

  Journal Of Domestic Animal Ecology. 2026, 47(3): 88-94. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1673-1182.2026.03.013

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  As the economy continues to develop, there is a growing demand for meat, eggs and dairy products among the populace. Livestock farming, as one of the significant sources of greenhouse gas emissions, faces immense pressure to reduce carbon emissions while meeting the needs of the people on a daily basis. Therefore, assessing the carbon emissions from livestock and poultry production and analyzing its influencing factors becomes crucial. This study utilized the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) carbon emission coefficient method to calculate the total carbon emissions from various livestock species in Dongying City from 2013 to 2022. The LMDI (Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index) decay model was employed to analyze the influencing factors of carbon emissions in the livestock sector. The results show that from 2013 to 2022, the total carbon emissions from livestock and poultry farming in Dongying City exhibited a trend of initial decrease, followed by an increase and then another decrease, overall staying at a relatively low level. Among various livestock species, carbon emissions from sheep and dairy cow farming  significantly influenced the total emissions in Dongying City, accounting for over 50%. Carbon emissions from manure management constituted a relatively large proportion, representing over 55% of total emissions. From 2013 to 2022, the influencing factors of carbon emissions showed a decreasing trend in carbon intensity year by year, which is a key factor for carbon emissions reduction in livestock farming in Dongying City. Economic factors, on the other hand, increased annually and played a crucial role in promoting carbon emissions from livestock farming in Dongying City. Based on these, the paper puts forward some stretegies and suggestions to mitigate carbon emissions from livestock farming, such as optimizing the structure of livestock and poultry farming, enhancing productivity, reducing carbon emission intensity, adjusting feed structures to improve feed utilization efficiency, decreasing CH₄ emission, and strengthening manure management to enhance the resource utilization of animal manure.
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  Effects of Bacterial Enzyme Preparation on Fungal Diversity during Cow Dung Composting under Different C/N Conditions

  LIANG Tian, ZHANG Xiaodong, ZHANG Yu, ZHANG Zuozhong, Subudenggerile, Siriguleng, NA Renhua

  Journal Of Domestic Animal Ecology. 2026, 47(3): 95-103. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1673-1182.2026.03.014

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  This study investigated the effects of exogenous microbial-enzymatic agents on fungal diversity during cattle manure composting using cattle manure and wheat straw as raw materials under different initial C/N ratios (25:1, 30:1, and 35:1). The results showed that the Shannon and Chao1 indices increased by the end of composting in all treatment groups, with both fungal abundance and diversity being higher in groups supplemented with the agents than in the control group without additives. Throughout the composting process-initial, thermophilic, and maturation stages-Ascomycota remained the overwhelmingly dominant fungal phylum across all groups, accounting for more than 95% of the relative abundance. During the initial and thermophilic phases, the relative abundance of Ascomycota was higher in groups treated with the microbial-enzymatic agents than in the control. Across the entire composting period, Eurotiomycetes and Aspergillus were the dominant fungal class and genus, respectively, in the treatment groups receiving the agents, each comprising over 60% of the relative abundance. In contrast, while Eurotiomycetes and Aspergillus were also dominant in the control group during the initial stage, they were succeeded by Sordariomycetes and Sodiomyces by the maturation stage, with both exceeding 65% in relative abundance.
  
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  Efficiency Optimization and Ton-Scale Application of Pig Manure Treatment by Black Soldier Fly

  YANG Weiming, LIU Hang, MA Xiangwei, WANG Fengbo, XU Weiping

  Journal Of Domestic Animal Ecology. 2026, 47(3): 104-114. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1673-1182.2026.03.015

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  Black Soldier Fly treatment technology is a rapidly developing method for resource utilization of agricultural livestock and poultry manure. Compared to chicken manure, pig manure has lower nutritional value and higher moisture content, and there are currently no practices for ton-scale processing. This study focuses on the efficiency and process of using Black Soldier Fly larvae to treat whole pig manure. Initially, at a kilogram scale, the growth, yield, processing efficiency of the larvae, and the physicochemical and biological properties of the larval frass were compared at larval densities ranging from 50 to 600 larvae/kg to determine the method that maximizes processing efficiency. Subsequently, four rounds of treatment were conducted at a ton-scale. The results showed that as larval density increased from 50 larvae/kg to 400 larvae/kg, the larvae yield increased from 3.1% to 11.0% (based on pig manure dry weight), and the dry weight reduction rate of pig manure increased from 14.8% to 20.1% (based on pig manure dry weight). However, the amount of pig manure dry weight reduced per larva decreased significantly from 0.4 g to 0.06 g. When the larval density reached 600 larvae/kg, both the yield and individual larval processing efficiency significantly declined. At different larval densities, no contamination with E. coli or Salmonella were detected in the larval frass, and the lead content was below 2.0 mg/kg, with no cadmium or mercury detected. When the larval density was ≥100 larvae/kg, the larval frass exhibited no phytotoxicity, with seed germination potential reaching 136%~249%. Therefore, a larval density of 100 larvae/kg is identified as an optimal condition that ensures non-phytotoxicity of frass while maintaining a high individual larva processing efficiency. Scaling this condition up to a ton-scale revealed that the main challenges lie in the construction of basic infrastructure at the processing site. Essential infrastructural conditions, such as site leveling, sunshading, rain protection, temperature control, and automatic stirring, are necessary to ensure successful ton-scale processing. The best results from the four rounds of ton-scale processing were a larval survival rate of 64.4%, a larval product yield of 3.13%, and a manure reduction rate of 21.8%. Compared to kilogram-scale processing (at 100 larvae/kg density) where the larval survival rate was 97.2%, the larval product yield was 5.68%, and manure reduction rate was 19.9%, the ton-scale processing showed significant differences in larval survival rate and larvae yield but maintained similar manure reduction rates. Future research should focus on improving the survival rate of larvae at a ton-scale, as this is key to promoting the practical application of Black Soldier Fly processing technology. This study illustrates a method for optimizing Black Soldier Fly treatment efficiency through larval density conditions and provides a practical case of ton-scale resource utilization of pig manure, offering valuable insights for the application of Black Soldier Fly treatment technology in ecological agriculture development.
  
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  Genetic Resources Diversity and Breeding Trend of Sonid Bactrian Camels

  Saina, PING Xinxin, DONG Xianggui, REN Zhanjun

  Journal Of Domestic Animal Ecology. 2026, 47(3): 115-123. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1673-1182.2026.03.016

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  The Sonid Bactrian camel is a valuable genetic resource in China, characterized by its robust physique, strong growth and development, superior meat and wool production capabilities, as well as strong resistance to adverse conditions. Over the past decade, Bactrian camels have largely been in wild grazing state, and their population growth in the Inner Mongolia region had been relatively slow compared to other livestock and poultry species. Breeding efforts for Bactrian camels have also started later. Therefore, this paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the biological characteristics and production performance of Sonid Bactrian Camel, offering supplementary information on how to enhance its production performance. In summary, the breeding trend for the Sonid Bactrian Camel is focused on improving the quality traits of the breed, strengthening genetic improvement, disease prevention, and scientific management practices, thereby increasing the production performance and economic benefits of the Sonid Bactrian Camel.
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  Study on Ecological Production and Industrial Management Mode of Tibetan Fragrant Pigs in Plain Hilly Areas

  SUN Defa, ZHANG Xiaoyang, WANG Jiaqi, ZOU Shuhao, LIU Kai, WU Xinyu, SU Chengwen

  Journal Of Domestic Animal Ecology. 2026, 47(3): 124-128. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1673-1182.2026.03.017

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  Native to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the Tibetan fragrant pig can adapt well when introduced into plain and hilly regions. During the introduction process of the pig, it is essential to gradually reduce the altitude to mitigate environmental stress responses associated with abrupt ecological changes. Ecological breeding methods are preferable in low-altitude agricultural areas. However, current practices related to pig rearing, breeding, and operational models require further refinement to promote industry development. By integrating practical industry applications in various districts with research on Tibetan fragrant pig production in plains and hilly areas, this paper discusses suitable ecological breeding systems, fundamental nutritional requirements, and the feasibility of developing unconventional and functional feeds. Additionally, it introduces an operational mechanism characterized by the “Industrial Alliance+Intelligent Information Management+Standardized Farmers+Professional Cooperative” model. This framework aims to provide technical support and case references for the standardized introduction, breeding, production, and promotion of Tibetan fragrant pigs in plains and hilly regions, thereby facilitating the sustainable development of ecological pig farming.