23 November 2025, Volume 46 Issue 11

    

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  Research Status of Gene Mining for Growth Traits in Goats

  TU Xingtiao, JIANG Yanting, LAN Rong, ZHU Lan, OUYANG Yina

  Journal Of Domestic Animal Ecology. 2025, 46(11): 1-7. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1673-1182.2025.11.001

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  Identifying molecular markers and determining key functional genes and genetic loci for goat growth traits are pivotal for enhancing selection accuracy and accelerating genetic improvement. This paper comprehensively reviews the methodologies employed to uncover genes and genetic loci associated with growth traits in goats. These methodologies include association analyses based on chip array technologies and whole-genome sequencing, as well as investigations into insertions/deletions, copy number variations, and selection of signatures. Furthermore, it summarizes the research progress on major genes significantly linked to goat growth traits, such as GH, IGF1, MSTN, LEP, BMP, and GDF9. The aim is to provide references for rapidly improving goat growth performance, establishing novel molecular breeding strategies, and achieving population genetic improvement or the breeding of new varieties(strains).
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  Research Progress of Low-protein Diets in Dairy Cows

  LUO Jun, DEN Ming, SUN Baoli, LIU Dewu, GUO Jianchao, LIU Jianying, GUO Yongqing

  Journal Of Domestic Animal Ecology. 2025, 46(11): 8-14. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1673-1182.2025.11.002

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  The shortage of protein feed resources and environmental pollution have become major constraints to the sustainable development of the livestock industry in China. Implementing low-protein diets in production not only conserves protein feed resources and does not adversely affect animal performance but also contributes to reducing nitrogen emissions. Currently, the application and research of low-protein diets are more extensive in monogastric animals such as pigs and chickens, while studies on dairy cows and ruminants lag behind. This review summarizes the effects of low-protein diets on nutrient digestibility, lactation performance, reproductive performance, and nitrogen emissions in dairy cows, aiming to provide a reference for the scientific formulation of diets and the reduction of environmental pollution.
  
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  Effect of miRNA-21 on the Proliferation and Regulation of Milk Composition of Dairy Goat Mammary Epithelial Cells

  DUAN Quyu, LV Lanlan, CHENG Zefang, YAN Tianrong, ZHAO Jinnan, ZHANG Yuzhou, ZHAO Taotao, MA Yi, AN Xiaopeng

  Journal Of Domestic Animal Ecology. 2025, 46(11): 15-20. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1673-1182.2025.11.003

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  To investigate the regulatory effects of miR-21 on the proliferation and milk component of goat mammary epithelial cells (GMECs), miR-21 mimics and inhibitors were transfected into GMECs. The expression levels of apoptosis-and prolifer ation-relates genes Bcl-21 and Bax,as well as the secretion of β-casein and triglgerides(TG),were examined using EdU, CCK-8, ELISA, RT-qPCR, and Western Blot. Results indicated that the viability of GMECs in the miR-21 inhibitor group was significantly reduced (P<0.01), while apoptosis levels were significantly increased (P<0.01). In contrast, the viability of GMECs was significantly increased in the miR-21 mimics group (P<0.05). There was a significant increase in the secretion of β-casein and TG in GMECs transfected with miR-21 mimics (P<0.01), whereas interference with miR-21 inhibitors significantly decreased the secretion of β-casein and TG in GMECs (P<0.01). Compared with the control group, phosphorylation of PI3K, mTOR, S6K, and ERK proteins significantly increased in the miR-21 mimics group (P<0.01). Bax protein expression was significantly suppressed(P<0.01), while Bcl-2 protein expression was significantly upregulated (P<0.01). In the miR-21 inhibitors group, the phosphorylation of PI3K, mTOR, S6K, and ERK proteins significantly decreased (P<0.05), Bax protein expression was significantly upregulated (P<0.01), and Bcl-2 protein expression was significantly downregulated (P<0.05). The results indicate that miR-21 suppresses apoptosis in goat mammary epithelial cells by activating the ERK/Bcl-2/Bax signaling pathway and promotes the secretion of β-casein and TG through activation of the PI3K/mTOR/S6K signaling pathway.
  
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  Association Analysis Between the Polymorphism of CCSER1 Gene and Lactation Traits in East Friesian and Hu Crossbred Sheep

  ZHANG Xiyun, CHEN Xingzhuo, LI Yanghua, ZHANG Lei, SONG Yuxuan

  Journal Of Domestic Animal Ecology. 2025, 46(11): 21-27. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1673-1182.2025.11.004

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  To investigate the effect of coiled-coil serine-rich protein 1 (CCSER1) gene polymorphisms on the lactation performance of Donghu hybrid sheep, a total of 453 Donghu hybrid dairy ewes were selected as the research population. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in the exon regions of the CCSER1 gene were detected, and their associations with milk yield, milk fat percentage, lactose percentage, and milk protein percentage were analyzed. The results showed that seven exon mutation sites were identified, all exhibiting low to moderate polymorphism, including three synonymous and four missense mutations. Among these sites, the wild-type alleles were predominant, with frequencies of wild homozygotes ranging from 0.870 to 0.946, heterozygotes from 0.103 to 0.243, and mutant homozygotes from 0 to 0.009. Association analysis revealed that individuals with the heterozygous AG genotype at the g.35014032A>G locus had significantly higher milk fat percentage and total solids content than those with the AA genotype (P<0.05). In conclusion, the g.35014032A>G locus of the CCSER1 gene significantly affects milk quality traits and may serve as a potential molecular marker for improving milk quality in breeding programs, providing both theoretical and practical value for the genetic selection of Donghu hybrid sheep.
  
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  Genetic Diversity and Population Genetics of Whole-genome STR in Weining Cattle

  MA Jinping, WANG Pengfei, WANG Mingjin, AN Xinghong, LEI Chuchao, WU Daoyi

  Journal Of Domestic Animal Ecology. 2025, 46(11): 28-34. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1673-1182.2025.11.005

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  This study aims to elucidate the genetic diversity, structure and differentiation of Weining cattle using whole-genome sequencing (WGS) focused on STR variations, and provides new genetic insights crucial for their conservation and development. Herein, WGS data from 18 Weining cattle and 50 samples from other reference cattle populations were utilized for a comprehensive genome-wide STR scan, and analyzed through various bioinformatics methods. The results indicated that (1) a total of 120 018 STR loci were identified in the Weining cattle genome, with most located in intergenic and intronic regions. Notably, trinucleotide STRs exhibited the highest AGC content among them. (2) The average expected heterozygosity of Weining cattle is 0.298, lower than Hainan cattle (0.335), higher than European cattle (0.162), and Northeast Asian cattle (0.202). (3) Phylogenetic trees and PCA based on STRs place Weining cattle between taurine and indicine groups. (4) The genetic differentiation analysis of Weining and Hainan cattle based on STRs revealed differences in genes associated with growth (SOX5, CA10), meat quality (PRKG1, MAST4), reproductive performance (KIF17, GALNT13), and environmental adaptability (KHDRBS2, LEF1), highlighting the unique adaptability of Weining cattle to high-altitude cold environments.
  
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  Slaughter Performance Comparison of Three-way Cross F₁ Sheep and Genetic Effect Analysis of the CLPG Gene

  WANG Dongxian, WANG Jiantao, WANG Guosen, QIAO xian, XIE Yuchun, YANG Siyuan, ZHU Lihua, SHI Guocui, LIU Zhengzhu, GONG Yuanfang, LI Xianglong

  Journal Of Domestic Animal Ecology. 2025, 46(11): 35-39. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1673-1182.2025.11.006

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  In order to improve the meat production performance and economic benefits of sheep, this study set pure breeding group of small-tailed Han sheep as control, Australian white sheep, Dorper sheep and Charolais sheep as terminal male parent, and F₁ hybrids of Australian White × (Small-tailed) Han, Dorper × Han, and Charollais × Han as female parents to conduct a three-way crossbred test. The slaughter performance of 6 experimental groups (ADH, AXH, DAH, DXH, XAH, and XDH) and F₁ small-tailed Han lambs were measured and compared, and the genetic effect of CLPG gene in F₁ generation sheep of three-way cross was analyzed. The results showed that under the same feeding conditions, the slaughter performance of AXH hybrid progeny (F₁) was the best. The living weight, carcass weight, loin eye area, net meat weight and net meat rate of AXH hybrid progeny (F₁) were significantly higher than those of small-tailed Han lambs (P<0.01), and the living weight, carcass weight and loin eye area were significantly or extremely higher than those of ADH and DAH hybrid progeny (F₁) (P<0.05, P<0.01). The genetic effect of CLPG gene in three-way crossbred hybrid progeny (F₁) showed that the slaughter performance of individuals carrying T allele at g.232 C>T locus was better than that of individuals carrying C allele. The above results suggest that the hybridization advantage of AXH hybrid progeny (F₁) is more obvious, and the T allele is beneficial to its muscle output. In production, AXH hybrid progeny (F₁) carrying the T allele should be selected as far as possible for fattening.
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  Analysis of Growth and Development Law of F₁  Generation of Flaevich × Holstein Cattle

  ZAHN Yong, ZHENG Wei, HU Nanfang, HE Kaibin, OU Sihai, ZHAO Zongsheng

  Journal Of Domestic Animal Ecology. 2025, 46(11): 40-44. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1673-1182.2025.11.007

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  This study was conducted to investigate the growth and development performance of F₁ generation hybrids from Fleckvieh and Holstein cattle. The objectives were to elucidate the early growth patterns of the crossbreds, examine the correlations between body weight and body size traits, and provide reliable foundational data for their selective breeding. A total of 638 calves from birth to six months of age were selected from a company in Shihezi City of Xinjiang for growth performance measurement. The collected data were subjected to statistical and correlation analysis. The results indicated that compared to the local Holstein cattle, the crossbred calves showed varying degrees of increase in body weight and body size measurements as they aged. Furthermore, a highly significant positive correlation (P<0.01) was found between body weight and all body size indices in the F₁ generation. Therefore, in practical cattle farming, the growth and development characteristics of the F₁ generation can serve as a basis for formulating breeding strategies for crossbred cattle and for improving the performance of medium-and low-productivity Holstein cattle. This work provides foundational data for exploring a new dual-purpose (dairy-beef) production model, primarily focused on milk production with meat as a supplementary output.
  
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  The Degradation Characteristics of Different Roughage in the Rumen of Water Buffalo

  ZENG Fanquan, LUO Xianqing, WANG Keyao, PENG Lijuan, YANG Chengjian

  Journal Of Domestic Animal Ecology. 2025, 46(11): 45-49. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1673-1182.2025.11.008

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  This study aimed to compare the nutritional value of three roughage types-sweet potato vine, corn stalk silage, and peanut vine-and their degradation characteristics in the buffalo rumen, and to provide a reference for their utilization in the buffalo farming industry. Three healthy crossbred buffaloes with similar body weights (680.0±25.2 kg), fitted with permanent ruminal fistulas, were selected. The nylon bag technique was used to determine the ruminal degradation rates of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) of the three feed ingredients. The results showed that: (1) The CP and Ash contents of sweet potato vine were higher than those of the other two roughages (P<0.05), while its DM, NDF, and ADF contents were the lowest. (2) The ruminal DM degradation rate of corn stalk silage was significantly lower than that of sweet potato vine and peanut vine at all time points (P<0.05). (3) The CP degradation rate of sweet potato vine was significantly higher than that of corn stalk silage and peanut vine from 48 to 72 hours (P<0.05). (4) Except for at 12 hours, where no significant difference was observed between sweet potato vine and peanut vine (P>0.05), the NDF and ADF degradation rates of sweet potato vine were significantly higher than those of corn stalk silage and peanut vine at all other time points (P<0.05). The experiment indicates that sweet potato vine has high CP content and high ruminal degradation rates of DM, NDF, and ADF in buffalo, demonstrating its potential as a high-quality unconventional roughage for dairy buffaloes.
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  Preparation of Hermetia illucens and Herben Leonuri Ferment and its Effect on Production Performance in Late Laying Quail

  JI Xiangbo, GUO Jianlai, LIU Kun, XU Huifang, XUE Nannan, ZHANG Weixian

  Journal Of Domestic Animal Ecology. 2025, 46(11): 50-56. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1673-1182.2025.11.009

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  This study aimed to optimize the fermentation process of Hermetia illucens-Leonurus japonicus enzyme (referred to as H. illucens-L. japonicus enzyme) and to investigate its effects on the laying performance and egg quality of quails in the late laying period. Using single-factor and orthogonal experiments, the contents of peptides in the fermentation product were used as the evaluation index to optimize fermentation time, temperature, inoculation amount, and bacterial ratio. A total of 320 ten-month-old laying quails with similar production performance were randomly divided into four groups (control, and 0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5% enzyme addition groups), with four replicates per group and 20 birds per replicate. The pre-trial period lasted 7 days, followed by a 14-day formal experimental period. The results showed that the optimal fermentation conditions were a fermentation time of 96 h, fermentation temperature of 37 ℃, inoculation amount of 4%, and a Bacillus subtilis to Lactobacillus plantarum ratio of 2∶1, under which the peptide content reached 8.39%. Compared with the control group, the 1.0% enzyme addition group showed significantly higher average daily feed intake and average egg weight (P<0.05). The laying rate was significantly increased (P<0.05) in both the 1.0% and 1.5% enzyme addition groups, with the greatest improvement observed in the 1.0% group. Moreover, 1.5% enzyme addition significantly enhanced yolk color (P<0.05), while 1.0% enzyme addition significantly improved eggshell strength and Haugh unit (P<0.05). No significant differences were found in eggshell thickness or egg shape index among the groups. In summary, dietary supplementation with H. illucens-L. japonicus enzyme effectively improved the laying performance and egg quality of quails during the late laying period, with the optimal effect achieved at a supplementation level of 1.0%.
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  Survey Report on the Welfare of Piglets in Scaled Pig Farms——Injury Management and Reasons for Lack of Pain Relief

  SHI Ruijia, GU Xianhong

  Journal Of Domestic Animal Ecology. 2025, 46(11): 57-64. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1673-1182.2025.11.010

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  This special investigation aimed to survey the practices of injurious management procedures in piglets and the reasons for non-use of analgesia on large-scale pig farms in China. A designed questionnaire was distributed via the QuestionSar platform, and statistical analysis was performed on data from 330 pig farms with complete information, at least 10 sows, and the presence of piglets. The results showed that: (1) The proportions of farms performing tail docking, teeth clipping/grinding, and surgical castration in piglets were 90.0%, 45.8%, and 94.2%, respectively. Among these, 90.9%, 94.0%, and 70.4% respectively performed these procedures within 0~7 days of age, while 46.1%, 36.4%, and 40.5% respectively used analgesia, indicating substantial room for improving pain mitigation management. (2) The proportion of farms using analgesia during tail docking, teeth clipping/grinding, and surgical castration was significantly higher (by more than 24%) on farms that emphasized animal welfare compared to those that did not (P<0.05). (3) The prevalence of tail docking was significantly higher in breeding stock farms, farms with >2 500 sows, and farms where the labor quota per worker was >300 pregnant sows, compared to farrow-to-finish farms, farms with ≤2 500 sows, and farms with a labor quota of ≤300 pregnant sows, respectively (P<0.05). In contrast, the prevalence of teeth clipping/grinding showed a significantly opposite trend (P<0.01). (4) The proportions of surgical castration performed within 0~7 days of age or accompanied by analgesia were significantly higher in northern farms and farms with >2 500 sows, compared to southern farms and farms with ≤2 500 sows, respectively (P<0.05). (5) The top two reasons for not using analgesia during tail docking, teeth clipping/grinding, and surgical castration were “analgesic use increases labor costs” and “no suitable analgesics available”, accounting for 55.2%~57.3% and 35.4%~47.0% of responses, respectively, and these were influenced by certain farm background factors. In conclusion, injurious management procedures such as tail docking and surgical castration are very common on pig farms, but analgesia is used in less than half of these cases, indicating significant potential for improving pain mitigation. These practices are influenced by farm background factors such as herd size. Enhancing the emphasis on animal welfare, advocating for performing injurious procedures within 0~7 days of age, and strengthening the use of analgesia are expected to reduce pain associated with these management practices and improve the health and welfare level of piglets. 
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  Odor Production Performance Analysis and Microbial Mechanism of Different Varieties of Pig Cecum

  LU Yawei, GAO Xiaoli, GUN Shuangbao

  Journal Of Domestic Animal Ecology. 2025, 46(11): 65-74. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1673-1182.2025.11.011

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  The purpose of this study was to analyze the differences in cecal odorant compounds and microbial community structures between Hezuo pigs and Bama minipigs, and to provide a scientific reference for odor reduction and breeding of low-odor pig varieties. Hezuo pigs and Bama minipigs were selected as the research subjects. Cecal contents were collected from both breeds, and odor compounds (ammonium, trimethylamine, indole, 3-methylindole) in the cecum of Hezuo pig and Bama minipigs were determined. The cecal flora structure was analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing technology. The results showed that the concentrations of ammonium, trimethylamine and indole in the cecal contents of Hezuo pigs were significantly lower than those in Bama minipigs (P＜0.05), and the content of 3-methylindole was significantly lower than that of Bama minipigs (P＜0.01). The ACE index and Chao1 index were significantly higher in Hezuo pigs compared to Bama minipigs (P＜0.05), while cecal microflora diversity was significantly lower (P＜0.05). The relative abundances of Prevotella_NK3B31_group, Prevotella Lachnospiraceae_bacterium, Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group and Lachnospiraceae_UCG_003 in the cecum of Hezuo pigs were significantly higher than those of Bama minipigs (P＜0.05). Among them, the abundance of Prevotella_NK3B31_group and Prevotella was significantly negatively correlated with trimethylamine, indole and 3-methylindole (P＜0.05). The abundance of Lachnospiraceae_bacterium, Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group and Lachnospiraceae_UCG_003 was significantly negatively correlated with indole (P＜0.05), and was significantly negatively correlated with 3-methylindole (P＜0.01). The relative abundance of Lactobacillus and Olsenella was significantly lower than that of Bama minipigs (P＜0.05). The abundance of Lactobacillus was significantly positively correlated with indole (P＜0.05). The abundance of Olsenella was significantly positively correlated with ammonium, trimethylamine and indole (P＜0.05), and was significantly positively correlated with 3-methylindole (P＜0.01). Hezuo pigs and Bama minipigs have different odor potential, the abundance of Prevotella, Lachnospira, Lactobacillus and Dlsenella in the cecum are closelcy related to the odor production.
  
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  Composting Effect of Adding Different Compound Microbial Agents in Sheep Manure

  YANG Qitai, ZHAO Haolong, LIU Luwei, LI Wenjia, WANG Yanling, HAN Pei, ZHU Zhendong, MIN Lingjiang

  Journal Of Domestic Animal Ecology. 2025, 46(11): 75-82. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1673-1182.2025.11.012

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  To compare the effects of adding different compound microbial agents in sheep manure composting, seven experimental groups were designed using sheep manure+mushroom residue+corn cob as composting raw materials (C/N=30/1). 0.03% composite microbial agents with four different proportions were added to experimental group 1 (Bacillus subtilis∶Saccharomyces cerevisiae∶Trichoderma longibrachiatum∶Streptomyces microflavus 1∶1∶1∶1),group 2 (2∶1∶1∶1),group 3 (1∶2∶1∶1),group 4 (1∶1∶2∶1),group 5 (1∶1∶1∶2), the positive control group was added 0.03% of commercially available fermentation agents, and the blank control group did not add composite microbial agents. Each treatment was repeated 3 times. After 35 days of composting fermentation, the changes of compost index such as temperature, moisture content, pH, C/N, seed germination index(GI), organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium, and total nutrients of each group of compost during different fermentation periods were determined. During the composting process, the heating rates of experimental groups 1~5 and the positive control group were higher than those of the blank control group. Among them, high temperatures (>50 ℃) maintained for 12 days in experimental group 1 and the positive control group, while in the blank control group for 9 days, indicating that adding composite microbial agents can effectively prolong the high temperature stage of composting. Fast heating rate, long high temperature and fast water evaporation were exhibited in experimental groups inoculated with compound microbial agents, these features effectively promoted the degradation of organic matter and the formation of humus during composting. At the end of composting, the pH values of each experimental group were higher than the initial value and showed weak alkalinity. With the exception of experimental group 4 and the blank control group whose GI was less than 80%, the remaining groups achieved complete composting, with experimental group 1 exhibiting the highest degree of composting and significantly surpassing the other groups (P<0.05). The total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium, and total nutrient contents of each experimental group all increased, with experimental group 1 significantly higher than other groups (P<0.05). The above results indicate that adding composite microbial agent 1 (Bacillus subtilis∶ Saccharomyces cerevisiae∶ Trichoderma longibrachiatum∶ Streptomyces microflavus 1∶1∶1∶1) has the best composting effect among all the groups.
  
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  Polyphenols Extraction Techniques for Wild Hippophae Tibetana Fruit in Qinghai Province

  LIU Ruoqi, FENG Juying, MA Yuhua

  Journal Of Domestic Animal Ecology. 2025, 46(11): 83-88. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1673-1182.2025.11.013

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  The experiment utilized an organic solvent extraction method combined with single-factor experiments and a four-factor four-level L₉(4⁴) orthogonal design to extract polyphenols from Tibetan Sea Buckthorn fruit. It investigated the effects of temperature, extraction time, solvent-to-material ratio, solvent type, and concentration on the extraction rate of polyphenols from Tibetan Sea Buckthorn fruit, aiming to determine the optimal extraction technique for these compounds. The polyphenols were subsequently isolated and purified using Sephadex LH-20 chromatography. The results indicated that the optimal conditions for extracting polyphenols from Tibetan Sea Buckthorn fruit were as follows: methanol concentration at 40%, extraction time of 2 hours, solid-to-liquid ratio of 1∶60 (g/mL), and extraction temperature of 60 ℃. Under these conditions, the extraction rate of polyphenols from the fruit was 1.6047% (mg/g). The factors affecting the extraction rate of polyphenols were ranked in order of significance as follows: extraction temperature>extraction time>solid-to-liquid ratio>methanol concentration. After isolation and purification using Sephadex LH-20, the main polyphenolic compounds identified were apigenin and quercetin.
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  Morphological Variation of Organs Related to Ingestion between Hemiculter leucisculus and H. tchangi

  WANG Lihong, XING Haoran, WANG Mingrong

  Journal Of Domestic Animal Ecology. 2025, 46(11): 89-95. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1673-1182.2025.11.014

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  This study employs geometric morphometrics combined with traditional morphological methods to analyze the shape features of gill rakers, pharyngeal bones, and pharyngeal teeth in populations across diverse habitats nationwide. The results show significant morphological differences in feeding-related organs between the two species, with phenotypic traits corresponding to their respective feeding functions. Consequently, it is hypothesized that these two fish species occupy different dietary ecological niches: Hemiculter leucisculus predominantly feeds on planktonic animals and aquatic insects, while H. tchangi is better adapted to processing high-fiber foods such as algae and plant debris. This research offers new perspectives on ecological niche differentiation among morphologically similar fish species and provides methodological references for the more accurate identification of closely related species within the Cyprinidae family.
  
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  Study on Biofilm Inhibition and Degradation Effects of Swertia mussotii Franch. against Multidrug Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

  GU Qingyun, SUN Yu, YANG Jingjing, MA Yujun, LI Ding, LI Xiaoying

  Journal Of Domestic Animal Ecology. 2025, 46(11): 96-101. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1673-1182.2025.11.015

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  In order to explore the effect of Swertia mussotii Franch. on the biofilm formation of multidrug resistant (MDR) Staphylococcus aureus, crystal violet staining was used to assess the ability of biofilm formation by 8 MDR isolates. The tube serial two-fold dilution method was used to measure the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) to MDR S. aureus. The effect of S. aureus growth curve with Swertia mussotii Franch. was determined. Crystal violet staining, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy（CLSM）were used to detect the inhibition and degradation effects of Swertia mussotii Franch. on the biofilm formation of MDR S. aureus isolates. The results showed that among 8 MDR isolates, 2 isolates formed biofilm of strong quantity, 4 isolates of medium quantity, and two isolates of small quantity. The MIC of Swertia mussoti Franch. for MDR S. aureus was 31.25 g/L, showing a significant inhibitory effect. The time-kill curve and biofilm test showed  that Swertia mussotii Franch. could inhibit the growth and biofilm formation, and remove mature biofilm of MDR ESBLs-producing S. aureus in a concentration-dependent manner. The present study indicated that Swertia mussoti Franch. could inhibit biofilm formation and remove mature biofilms of MDR S. aureus.
  
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  Supply-demand Balance Calculation and Breeding Space Layout Optimization Based on Consumer Preferences for Fresh Beef

  CAO Jianmin, L Lingling, WANG Hui

  Journal Of Domestic Animal Ecology. 2025, 46(11): 102-107. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1673-1182.2025.11.016

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  In recent years, the increasing importation of beef has continuously compressed the profit margins of domestic beef production. Optimizing the spatial distribution of cattle farming has thus become a key strategy for enhancing industry efficiency and addressing shifting market demands. This paper employs administrative provinces as the unit of analysis to conduct an in-depth examination of the supply and demand balance for beef across regions. Based on this analysis, spatial deployment strategies and corresponding optimization measures for beef cattle breeding that are aligned with local supply-demand conditions and recource endowments are proposed. The results indicate substantial regional disparities in beef supply and demand. Northern provinces such as, Inner Mongolia, and Jilin exhibit a surplus of local beef supply, whereas southern regions like Guangdong and Zhejiang experience demand far exceeding local production. Consumer preferences for fresh beef have fostered a “north-to-south” beef transportation pattern. However, long-distance transport of live cattle induces stress responses and increases the risk of disease transmission, significantly elevating production costs and diminishing the competitiveness of domestically produced beef. To further enhance the competitiveness of domestic beef, this paper proposes a spatial layout centered on a “stepwise fattening” model for cattle breeding, providing strategic guidance for the competitiveness of China's beef industry.
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  Problems, Countermeasures and Prospects of the Development Model of Fruit and Livestock Integrated Circular Agriculture in Yan'an City, Shaanxi Province

  LIANG Junqing, ZHOU Shunxi, GAO Lianli, JIANG Huafeng, XIANG Jiang, HAO Peng, LI Ronghua

  Journal Of Domestic Animal Ecology. 2025, 46(11): 108-111. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1673-1182.2025.11.017

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  The development model of “fruit-livestock integrated circular agriculture” has greatly promoted the expansion, quality improvement, efficiency enhancement, and modernization of the apple industry and livestock sector in Yan'an City. However, challenges remain in the process of development, including low soil organic matter content, insufficient application of organic fertilizers, unreasonable spatial layout, limited awareness of the concept, and inadequate policy support. This study summarizes the current status of the “fruit-livestock integrated circular agriculture” model in Yan'an, conducts an in-depth analysis of the problems encountered during its development, and proposes targeted strategies and recommendations for its further improvement.
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  Pingba Grey Goose Industry Development Status, Existing Problems and Development Countermeasures

  YANG Rong, ZHOU Di, XIE Yan, XIE Lingling, SHEN Li, WANG Yan, AO Ye, YUAN Yong, YAN Xingye, CAI Futao

  Journal Of Domestic Animal Ecology. 2025, 46(11): 112-115. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1673-1182.2025.11.018

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  The Pingba Gray Goose is a unique local breed in Guizhou Province, characterized by strong disease resistance, excellent fattening performance, rich nutritional value, and tender, delicious meat. In recent years, factors such as the introduction of foreign breeds, market influences, lack of scientific breeding methods, and frequent inbreeding have led to increasingly prominent issues including breed degeneration and population decline. To help rapidly restore production capacity, address technical bottlenecks in industrial development, and accelerate quality improvement and efficiency enhancement, this paper reviews the current status of industrial development, market benefits, existing challenges, and research progress. Corresponding recommendations and strategies are proposed to provide theoretical support for the conservation of Pingba Gray Goose germplasm resources and the promotion of industrial development and income growth.
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  Production, Quality, and Feeding Effectiveness Evaluation of Whole Mixed Diets for Dairy Goats

  LI Hong, XIAO Puhui, CHAO Juanjuan, QI Yahui, GAO Xiaofei, ZHANGWencheng, ZHOU Qing'an

  Journal Of Domestic Animal Ecology. 2025, 46(11): 116-121. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1673-1182.2025.11.019

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  Total mixed ration is a nutritionally balanced diet made by using specialized mixing and processing equipment to thoroughly mix chopped roughage and concentrate (concentrate supplement), minerals, vitamins, and other feed additives according to the gender, growth, physiological stage, and feed intake requirements of ruminants. TMR diet is widely used in dairy farming, playing an important role in improving the production performance of cows and enhancing the quality of dairy products. However, it is less commonly used in dairy goat farming. Leveraging the technical advantages of TMR diets in improving rumen health, enhancing roughage utilization, boosting production performance, and increasing economic benefits in dairy goats, this paper elaborates on the preparation, quality assessment, and feeding evaluation of the TMR. The aim is to accelerate the promotion and application of this technology in dairy goat farming.
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  Research Progress on Using Bershire to Improve Local Pig Breeds

  GAO Xiang, REN Huibo, DENG Yuan, ZHU Ji, CAO Lihua, CUI Qingming, HU Xionggui, ZHOU Zhulin, CHEN Chen, PENG Yinglin

  Journal Of Domestic Animal Ecology. 2025, 46(11): 122-128. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1673-1182.2025.11.020

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  There is a risk of extinction of local pig germplasm resources in China due to its ineffective utilization and development. The Berkshire pig exhibits outstanding production performance and can be crossbred with local pig varieties to form breeding lines, thereby cultivating new varieties to improve the local pig breeds. This paper discusses the impact of Berkshire pigs on the growth traits, carcass traits, and meat quality of local pig breeds, providing a basis for the development and conservation of local pig germplasm resources.