To investigate the cause of caseous exudate in oviducts of growing layers in parts of Shandong,Anhui,Hebei,Ningxia and other regions, bacteria were isolated and cultured from the clinical pathological samples. Morphological,molecular biology,serological,animal regression and drug sensitivity tests for these isolated bacteria were carried out. The results showed that the 13 isolated bacteria were Riemerella anatipestifer, mainly serotype 7, and the OmpA genes had evolved into two branches. The animal regression test could replicate the same clinical symptoms, and the drug sensitivity test showed that the isolated bacteria were more sensitive to florfenicol, doxycycline, spectinomycin and cephalosporins. This study provides a theoretical basis for the isolation and identification of Riemerella anatipestifer from different susceptible hosts and the genetic evolution analysis of strains, and also provides reference for the prevention and control of Riemerella anatipestifer infection in poultry.

As a major intestinal nutrient, butyric acid and its derivatives play an important role in maintaining animal intestinal morphology, regulating the environment of animal intestinal flora, and regulating immunity. Previous studies have shown that butyric acid and its derivatives maintain the intestinal microenvironment of animals mainly by  promoting intestinal cell proliferation and affecting intestinal development, maintain the intestinal barrier by improving the expression of relevant proteins in small intestinal epithelial cells, and maintain the homeostasis of the internal environment by regulating the intestinal environment and stimulating the expression of relevant immune proteins. In terms of regulating energy metabolism, butyric acid and its derivatives directively break down to become energy supply, or serve as an energy intake regulator to affect energy metabolism by regulating related genes,mitochondrial synthetic repair and neural circuits. In addition, butyric acid and its derivatives act as signaling molecules in the immune pathway, regulate the gene and protein expression of immune factors, inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells, and improve intestinal immunity. This article mainly discusses the research progress of the mechanism of butyric acid in maintaining animal intestinal health, in order to provide theoretical reference for the development of butyrate products.

This study aimed to investigate the genetic diversity of local cattle breeds. In this experiment, blood and hair samples were collected in different regions from Wannan cattle, Leiqiong cattle, Naqu yak and Haizi buffalo, and genomic DNA was obtained. mtDNA COI, Cytb and D-loop genes were amplified by conventional PCR technique, and barcode sequences were obtained by Sanger sequencing, and then their genetic information was explored. The results showed that the A/T content of the mitochondrial genes of the four cattle species were significantly higher than the G/C content, with a significant anti-G bias, and all of them showed high genetic diversity, among which the Naqu yak was particularly outstanding. The use of COI and Cytb protein codons also showed a certain preference. The NJ phylogenetic tree constructed based on Cytb gene showed the best performance and was able to cluster the four cattle species better, which was more suitable for the exploration of phylogenetic relationships in this paper.

The aim of this study was to investigate alterations in blood physiological and biochemical parameters of Xinong Saanen dairy goats at different lactation stages and the correlations among these parameters to reflect the physiological and metabolic status and overall health conditions of dairy goats at different lactation stages. Blood samples from 150 Xinong Saanen dairy goats at different lactation stages were collected to determine their blood physiological and biochemical indicators for correlation analysis, in order to explore the influence of non-genetic factors on blood biochemical indicators in Xinong Saanen dairy goats. The findings indicated that: (1) lactation stage significantly influenced various blood parameters such as total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), globulin (GLB), albumin/globulin ratio (A/G), glucose (GLU), total cholesterol (TC), and triglyceride (TG) in Xinong Saanen dairy goats. (2) Significant correlations were observed among TP and GLB, ALB and A/G, ALB and BUN, A/G and GLB, A/G and GLU at different lactation periods (P<0.05). Blood biochemical indicators are significantly affected by lactation periods, and the significant correlations have been observed among the blood biochemical indicators in dairy goats. These findings comprehensively reflect the health and physiological status of dairy goats, providing theoretical references for improving goat milk quality, adjusting nutritional supply, and managing goat farms.

The microbiota-gut-brain axis is involved in different physiological processes such as metabolism, immune responses, and behavioral responses which exerts important effects on health and growth. Herein, the interactions of microbiota-gut-brain axis of Hu sheep was investigated by multiomics in present study. The results of 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis showed that Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Christensenellaceae_R-7_group, Enterococcus, Oscillospiraceae_UCG-002, and Prevotellaceae_UCG-004 were the dominant microbial taxa in the gut microbiota of Hu sheep. In combination with the colon and brain transcriptome analysis, it is found that estrogen signaling pathway may be the key functional pathway that contributes to the establishment of the microbiota-gut-brain axis of Hu sheep. Additionally, it was also found that Eubacterium and Ruminococcus may be the key bacteria which could modulate the microbiota-gut-brain axis of Hu sheep. These findings could provide basic knowledge for improving the temperament, behavior, and production performances of Hu sheep through modulating the microbiota-gut-brain axis by nutritional intervention.

Tibetan sheep are mainly distributed in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and its adjacent areas, with a distinctive external appearance. About 90% of the total population are mixed-colored, while pure white and pure black individuals are rare.  In order to study the relationship between SNPs of ASIP gene and the heredity of Tibetan wool color, this study used pooled sequencing and PCR-SSCP methods to detect the polymorphisms of seven exons of the ASIP gene in four ecological types of Tibetan sheep populations, including the plateau type, the Oula type, the Zhashijia type, and the black Tibetan sheep. Results showed that five mutation sites were found, including g.49396C>G in exon 3 and g.76594G>C, g.76715T>A, g.76732C>G, and g.76811C>A in exon 7. The mutation site g.76715T>A caused the conversion of cysteine to serine at position 126 (C126S). The mutation site g.49396C>G had three genotypes (CC, CG, and GG) in all four ecological types of Tibetan sheep, with the minimum mutation probabilities of 0.416, 0.234, 0.261, and 0.307, and the polymorphic information contents of 0.485, 0.358, 0.386, and 0.424, respectively, indicating moderate polymorphism. Except for the Oula type, the plateau type, black Tibetan sheep, and Zhashijia type were all in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The results showed that the g.49396C>G and g.76715T>A missense mutations in ASIP gene are important sites regulating the inheritance of Tibetan wool color, which can serve as potential genetic markers for the breeding of Tibetan wool color.

Senecavirus A, an emerging pathogen responsible for swine vesicular disease, exhibits notable evolutionary and transmissible characteristics. when infected in pigs, it manifests clinical symptoms resembling those of foot-and-mouth disease, resulting in significant economic losses to the swine industry. In recent years, outbreaks of SVA infections have shown an upward trend in Brazil, the United States, and China. Currently, China still lacks standardized diagnostic methods and commercially available vaccines for SVA, underscoring the urgent need for further research so as to prevent its spread and transimission in china. This article provides a comprehensive review of the latest progress in SVA epidemiology, diagnostic approaches, and vaccine development, aiming to offer robust scientific support and practical insights for controlling SVA transmission and formulating effective prevention strategies.

Veterinary Clinical Diagnostics is a laboratory course that involves various skills and abstract operational techniques. This course has traditionally been taught using conventional teaching methods for many years. However, in the flipped classroom approach, the textbook content is divided into different modules, and micro-videos are created to explore the new “four-step method”. This method integrates information technology and autonomous learning. Teaching practice has found that this approach greatly improves students' awareness of active learning of professional theoretical knowledge and active mastery and improvement of operational skills. It also provides new ideas and references for improving the quality and reform of undergraduate experimental teaching.

In order to study the effects of different forms of Microplastics (MP) on the migration of heavy metals from livestock and poultry manure in soil, different forms of Polypropylene (PP) were selected as raw materials for Microplastics, and layer hen's manure was taken as the manure source model. Two kinds of micro-plastic fragments with different sizes and two kinds of micro-plastic fibers with different diameters were added into the experimental soil with the proportion of 1% and 10% respectively. The results showed that different forms of microplastics had different effects on the migration of different heavy metals. The microplastics in soil inhibited the migration of Cu, and the smaller the form, the stronger the inhibition. The optimal absorption effect of Cu was observed in small fragmented plastics. Additionally,the microplastic in soil accelerated the migration of Zn and Cd,but exerted little impact on the migration of Pb. The soil electrical conductivity was slowed down under the influence of fibrous microplastics. 

In order to study the relationship between SNPs polymorphism of HMX1 gene and its enhancer mutation and the ovine congenital microtia of sheep, the polymorphism of enhancer and exon in HMX1 gene of 170 Altay sheep was detected by agarose gel electrophoresis combined with PCR sequencing technology. The results showed that 24 SNPs were found in exon 1 and exon 2 of HMX1 gene, and A557T was significantly associated with congenital microtia in sheep(P<0.05); 76bp replication was found in HMX1 gene enhancer, which was significantly associated with congenital microtia in sheep (P<0.01). The results showed that the replication of 76 bp in enhancer of HMX1 gene is the causal mutation of congenital microtia in Altay sheep, which could be used as a molecular marker to eliminate congenital microtia in Altay sheep.

This study aims to investigate the effects of the fat mass and obesity-associated gene (FTO) on the expression of lipid metabolism-related genes and triglyceride (TAG) synthesis in mammary epithelial cells (DMECs) of dairy goats through overexpression and interference techniques. The complete coding sequence (CDS) of the FTO gene in the mammary tissue of diary goats (Capra hircus) was cloned, and an FTO overexpression vector was constructed. Additionally, small interference RNA (siRNA) targeting FTO were designed and synthesized. RT-qPCR was used to detect changes in the expression of lipid metabolism-related genes and triglyceride content in DMECs after overexpressing or interfering with the FTO gene. The results indicated that the full length of the FTO gene CDS region in dairy goat was 1 518 bp, with sequence homology of 99%, 97% and 96% to sheep (Ovis aries) (NM_001104931.1), cattle (Bos taurus) (NM_001098142.1) and buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) (XM_006043050.4), respectively. Overexpression of FTO in DMECs significantly upregulated the mRNA levels of sterol-regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBF1), fatty acid synthase (FASN), and diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 2(DGAT2) (P<0.05), while significantly downregulating the expression levels of triglyceride hydrolysis-related genes such as hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) (P<0.05). Furthermore, the TAG content in the cells significantly increased. Conversely, interference with FTO in DMECs yielded opposite results. In conclusion, FTO gene plays an important role in regulating lipid metabolism in DMECs of dairy goats, providing a theoretical basis for improving the regulatory network of lipid metabolism in mammary gland of dairy goat. 

The experiment was to explore the effect of stachyose on semen cryopreservation of Qinchuan bull. Different concentrations of stachyose (0 mg/mL, 20 mg/mL, 40 mg/mL, 60 mg/mL and 80 mg/ml) were supplemented to the frozen diluent of bull semen, then the sperm motility, membrane integrity, acrosome integrity, mitochondrial activity and antioxidant properties related indicators of frozen-thawed semen in Qinchuan bull were tested. The results showed that 40 mg/mL stachyose treatment significantly (P<0.05) improved sperm motility (43.83%) and acrosome integrity (78.70%) after freezing-thawing, compared with the control group; membrane integrity and mitochondrial activity were enhanced significantly with the increase of stachyose concentration(P<0.05), but the membrane integrity was not significantly different between the different concentrations of stachyose (P>0.05); in addition, the activities of GSH-Px enzyme and CAT enzyme were significantly increased(P<0.05), and the content of MDA significantly reduced (P<0.05)  in the 40 mg/mL stachyose. In summary, the 40 mg/mL stachyose treatment significantly improves the quality and antioxidant capacity of freezing-thawing semen, and has a good preservation effect on the frozen semen in Qinchuan bull.

The cecum is the main organ where the body breaks down dietary fiber and encourages nutrient fermentation, which has a sizable microbiological population. Several species' cecal microorganisms have been examined and studied, but no such research on the African ostrich has been documented. Hence, in this investigation, the diversity of microorganisms in the caecum of African ostriches at 7, 30, 60, and 180 days of age was examined using metagenomics sequencing technology. The results showed that the flora in the caecum of African ostriches was distributed in 9 phyla, 16 classes, 29 orders, 58 families and 128 genera. With increasing age, the abundance and diversity of microbes in the cecum first increased and then decreased, with the microbial abundance peaking at 60 days of age and microbial diversity being highest at 30 days of age. At the phylum level, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria were the most dominant phyla at 7, 60 and 180 days of age, while the dominant phyla at 30 days of age were Firmicutes, Tenericutes and Bacteroidetes. At the genus level, the dominant bacteria in the cecum of different ages were different. Acinetobacter, Escherichiacoli-Shigella, and Akkermania had the highest abundance at the age of 7 days. Anaeroplasma and Bacteroides were the most abundant at the age of 30 days, Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas were the dominant bacteria at 60 and 180 days old, respectively. There were different bacterial groups in the cecum of each age group. At 7, 30, 60, and 180 days of age, there were 28, 24, 8 and 6 different bacterial groups, respectively, and the number of bacterial groups gradually declined with age. In conclusion, African ostriches have complex and diverse cecal microorganisms, and as they mature, the microbial composition and dominating species will shift. This offers a theoretical foundation for future studies on how aging affects gut microorganisms and how they interact with the body.

In this study, the carbon and nitrogen footprints of pig farming, manure treatment and rice cultivation processes in a large-scale pig farm system were analysed for the characteristics using the life cycle assessment method (baseline scenario S0), and emission reduction measures such as low protein diets (S1), manure and urine acidification (S2), biogas utilization (S3), side-deep fertilization of rice (S4), organic-inorganic application in combination (S5) and integrated technologies (S6) were compared to study their effects on environmental emissions of farm systems. The results showed that the carbon footprint of the industrial pig farm system was 332.9 kg CO₂-eq·FU^-1 and the nitrogen footprint was 4.55 kg Nr·FU^-1. Among them, the manure storage segment had the highest contribution of carbon and nitrogen footprints, accounting for 29% and 50%, respectively. The application of individual technologies (S1 to S5) in each link was able to reduce carbon emissions by 6.44% to 11.25% and nitrogen emissions by 6.51% to 30.37%; the low protein diet technology (S1) and manure and urine acidification technology (S2) were the most effective in reducing the carbon and nitrogen footprints of the farm system, at 11.25% and 30.37%, respectively; the integrated technology (S6) was able to reduce the carbon and nitrogen footprint by 35.39% and 51.66%, respectively. In conclusion, pig farms should focus on feed nutrition and manure and urine management processes so as to reduce carbon and nitrogen emissions of the farm system and achieve green development.

Cadmium (Cd) is widely distributed. It is highly toxic and difficult to degrade. Long-term consumption of cadmium contaminated feed will exert toxic effects on livestock and poultry's organs, such as liver, kidney, lung, etc. It will also affect their growth, development, and immune function. This paper provides an overview of the toxic mechanism of apoptosis and oxidative stress induced by cadmium poisoning in animals, and summarizes the nutritional strategies to alleviate cadmium poisoning in livestock and poultry. It aims to provide a reference for future research on alleviating cadmium poisoning in livestock and poultry.

In recent years, the beef cattle industry in China has shown relatively low comparative benefits. Influenced by the non-normal linkage of pork and beef market prices, as well as the generally low production efficiency of local breeds, the supportive effect on the development of the beef cattle industry has gradually weakened. This article analyzes the new characteristics of China's beef cattle industry under the new normal, explores a new model for differentiated development of local breeds to support the beef cattle industry, and proposes key measures for the high-quality differentiated development of local beef cattle in China.

A total of 4 328 research papers on animal welfare from 2001 to 2022 were collected in the CNKI database, and subsequent visual analysis using knowledge graph software were conducted to clarify the current status and hot topics of animal welfare research in China, and its development trends was explored as well. The results indicate that animal welfare research in China can be roughly divided into three stages: accelerated start, steady development, and transformation, showing a mature and stable development trend. The research atmosphere for animal welfare is not strong, with a limited number of annual publications, a small number of professional researchers, and small and loosely connected research teams. The research hot topics  mainly focus on trade barriers, animal welfare legislation, laboratory animals, animal ethics, animal welfare education, animal welfare technology, and evaluation. According to the results, environmental enrichment, welfare technology, animal ethics, and the impact of animal welfare on biosafety and growth performance will be the research priorities in the field of animal welfare in China for a certain period of time in the future. Further efforts are needed to strengthen research and practice in animal welfare legislation, national education, and professional education.

The experiment aimed to study the effects of Dorper × Tibetan hybridization on the growth, slaughter performance and meat quality of the offspring. The study conducted hybridization experiments using Dorper sheep and Tibetan sheep as the paternal line and Tibetan sheep as the maternal line. The body weight and body measurement indicators of F₁ generation of Dorper-Tibetan sheep ( Duzang F₁) were determined and compared to those of Tibetan sheep. In each group, 9 individuals were randomly selected for slaughter experiment, and the indexes of meat quality were assessed. The results showed that the body weight, body length and chest circumference of Dorper × Tibetan F1 were significantly higher than those of Tibetan sheep (P<0.001). Additionally, the pre-slaughter live weight, carcass weight, meat weight, bone weight, slaughter rate, eye muscle area and backfat thickness of Dorper × Tibetan F₁ were all significantly greater than those of Tibetan sheep (P<0.001), while the coefficients of the liver, lung and kidney were obviously lower (P<0.05). Except for the shear force of longissimus dorsi (P=0.001) in F1 generation being lower than that of Tibetan sheep (P=0.001), there were no significant differences in the physical properties of the muscle between the two groups. The moisture, crude protein, and ash content of the longissimus dorsi in Dorper × Tibetan F₁ decreased significantly, whereas the crude fat content was significantly higher than in Tibetan sheep (P<0.001). Compared to Tibetan sheep, the longissimus dorsi muscle of Duzang F1 showed a decreasing trend in calcium, phosphorus, potassium, and iron content, while zinc and selenium levels increased (P<0.05). The proportions of threonine, valine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine, aspartic acid, and histidine in the longissimus dorsi muscle of Duzang F1 were significantly higher, while the proportions of tryptophan, glutamic acid, serine, and tyrosine were significantly lower (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in the total saturated fatty acid content in the longissimus dorsi muscle; however, the contents of the two main monounsaturated fatty acids, palmitoleic acid and oleic acid, were significantly higher, while the levels of various polyunsaturated fatty acids decreased significantly (P<0.05). These results indicate that Duzang F1 exhibits superior growth and slaughter performance compared to Tibetan sheep, with meat quality indices also being reasonable. The hybrid advantages are significant, making this crossbred combination an ideal choice for the agro-pastoral transitional zone of Qinghai.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of birth weight on muscle angiogenesis in piglets. Twenty newborn Tunchang black piglets were divided into two groups based on their body weight: normal birth weight piglets (NBW, 1162 ± 98 g) and low birth weight piglets (LBW, 724 ± 31 g), with 10 piglets in each group. The semitendinosus muscles of the piglets were collected for angiogenesis and metabolite determination. The results showed as follows: 1) compared with NBW group, LBW group exhibited significantly decreased protein expression levels of the angiogenesis markers platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1 (CD31), vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A), and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) in semitendinosus muscle (P<0.05). 2) To further investigate the metabolites related to muscle angiogenesis, the metabolomics technology was employed to screen differential metabolites in the muscle of the two groups. It was found that differential metabolites in the semitendinosus muscle of NBW and LBW piglets were mainly enriched in glycerophospholipid metabolism, unsaturated fatty acid metabolism pathways, arginine and proline metabolism pathways. In the glycerophospholipid metabolism pathway, metabolites such as choline, phosphatidylserine, 2-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphor-serine, and 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate choline were significantly increased in the LBW group (P<0.05); in the unsaturated fatty acid metabolism pathway, the level of linoleic acid was significantly decreased and that of stearic acid were significantly increased in the LBW group (P<0.05) ; in the arginine and proline metabolism pathway, the levels of S-adenosyl-L-methionine and ornithine in muscle were significantly decreased in the LBW group (P<0.05). These results suggest that the decreased muscle angiogenesis in LBW piglets may be associated with changes in metabolites in the glycerophospholipid metabolism pathway, arginine and proline metabolism pathway, and unsaturated fatty acid metabolism pathway.