This study aims to assist in the standardized management of production data in sheep (/goat) farms and the intelligent and scientific application of fine breed breeding. To this end, MySQL database, Java and R languages were used to design a set of sheep(/goat) farm integrated management system software based on Spring Boot+Vue framework. The system optimized the management of sheep(/goat) information, breeding plans, and enabled the visualization of production data. It also included an early warning function to help the sheep (/goat) farm timely grasp the lambing time and production performance of the sheep(/goat). The system is designed with eight modules, including basic sheep(/goat) information management, production information, disease information, breeding information, medication management, feed management, statistical reports and early warning, and scientific breeding. In the scientific breeding management sub-module, three breeding value calculation models (BLUP model, GLMM model, average phenotypic model) were constructed according to the breeding needs of the sheep(/goat) farm. By combining the actual performance of the male and female sheep(/goat), the system achieves the ranking of male and female sheep(/goat) and automatically generates inbreeding coefficients, thus obtaining scientifically reasonable breeding plans. The system was applied in actual production for six months in an intensive mutton sheep(/goat) farm in northern Shaanxi, a joint breeding household for cashmere goat farming in Hengshan District, and a dairy goat farm in Fuping County. By tracking the core population, the system's various functions were improved and optimized. In conclusion, the system provides a data platform for intelligent and digital breeding management in sheep(/goat) farms, and also adds a new version 1.0 to the development of intelligent sheep(/goat) farms.

With the improvement of human living standards, the demand for meat, eggs and milk has increased significantly, leading to the rapid development of animal husbandry. Antibiotics have been produced largely because they can improve animal functions and prevent diseases. In the context of global antibiotics abuse, livestock and poultry have become important reservoirs for antibiotics and resistance genes. It is urgent to fully understand the distribution and dissemination of antibiotics and resistance genes transmission in the development of animal husbandry in order to provide a reference for the scientific use and rational control of antibiotics in animal husbandry. The article reviews the current status of antibiotic use in animal husbandry. It summarizes the effects of antibiotic resistance gene contamination on livestock, human health, and wildlife. In addition, it emphasizes that future research should focus on the secondary contamination of livestock manure in the surrounding environment and the diffusion mechanism of antibiotic resistance genes in wildlife habitats in animal husbandry. The aim is to provide a reference for the future healthy development of animal husbandry, scientific control of antibiotics, and related research on antibiotic resistance genes.

Zoonotic diseases have attracted great attentions from relevant social and national departments. Of which, the outbreak of Covid-2019 has further prompted the increasing control over live poultry markets across the country, thereby pushing forward the transition of yellow-feather broilers from live poultry to chilled listing, which has become a major trend. Accordingly, it is increasingly demanding for the carcass integrity rate and aesthetics of yellow-feather broilers after slaughtering, and how to reduce carcass damages of yellow-feather broilers will be a topic afterward. The factors that induce carcass defects after slaughter in yellow-feather broilers are similar to those in white-feathered broilers. However, the alertness and wildness of yellow-feather broilers make them different from white-feather broilers. Fighting, feather pecking or stepping on others can cause carcass defects, which is closely related to social behaviors such as animal fear, anxiety and aggressiveness. Therefore, this paper reviews the research progress on possible factors such as social fear, social competition and stress that induce carcass defects in yellow-feather broilers, and speculates that environmental abundance may be  a feasible improvement measure. It provides theoretical basis for promoting the transition of yellow-feather broilers from live poultry to chilled listing. 

This study aimed to evaluate the correlation between genetic polymorphisms of keratin-associated protein 6.2 gene, growth traits and cashmere fineness of Inner Mongolia cashmere goat, in order to provide a theoretical basis for genetic breeding improvement of Inner Mongolia cashmere goats. Ear tissues of 598 female Inner Mongolia cashmere goats were collected, genomic DNA was extracted and amplified by PCR to detect KAP6.2 gene Insertion/Deletion (InDel) mutation, and the correlation between mutation sites and growth traits and cashmere fineness traits was analyzed. The results showed that in the yearling goat, the mutant was significantly correlated with heart girth and height at hip cross (P<0.05), and extremely significantly correlated with body length, chest width and chest depth (P<0.01); in the adult goat, the mutant was significantly correlated with chest width (P<0.05) and highly correlated with heart girth and height at hip cross and chest depth (P<0.01);in all goat population, the mutant was extremely significantly correlated with body length, heart girth and height at hip cross and chest depth and chest depth (P<0.01), and significantly correlated with cashmere fineness (P<0.05). The above results indicated the 24 bp InDel mutation in the exon region of KAP6.2 gene is significantly and highly significantly correlated with the partial growth traits, and significantly correlated with cashmere fineness in Inner Mongolia cashmere goat, which can be used as a genetic marker for the selection of partial growth traits and cashmere fineness traits. It provides a scientific basis for the selection and breeding of Inner Mongolia cashmere goat.

To study the application effect of swine manure treatment with black soldier fly larvae, the study on using black soldier fly larvae to treat swine feces was conducted in four demonstration sites in Yunnan Province, the conversion efficiency and the changes of physical and chemical parameters of pig manure, the nutritional value of black soldier fly larvae and frass were researched. The results showed that the weight loss rate of pig manure was from 59.92% to 71.13%, the total nitrogen reduction rate was 42.83% to 61.73%, and the total phosphorus reduction rate was 42.83% to 61.73%. Black soldier fly larvae was reach in crude protein, ether extract, anmimo acids and fatty acid. The content of crude protein and ether extract were  38.08%~41.04% and 28.27%~33.75% respectively. The content of crude protein and ether extract among the four demonstration sites were significantly different（P＜0.05）. The content of crude ash in Lufeng and Qujing demonstration sites were of insignificant difference（P＞0.05）, but it was significantly different between Wuding and Shiping demonstration sites（P＜0.05）. The difference  of leucine was insignificant (P>0.05), while other amino acids differ significantly in the four sites. The contents of glutamic acid, isoleucine, methionine and histidine were rich. The content of unsaturated fatty acids were 46.65~53.81%, among which the oleic acid and palmitoleic acid were particularly higher, being 28.57% and 16.10%, respectively. The organic matter, total nutrients, the mortality rate of ascaris，pH value，the number of E. coli in frass compost conforms to the national standard of organic fertilizer. The content of organic matter was especially rich, which was 73.87-78.88%, and the total nutrition was 8.20%~9.90%, all of them were higher than the national level. It can be seen that the application effect of swine manure treatment using black soldier fly larvae is remarkable, and the black soldier fly larvae can adapt to the environment well.  It also promotes the innocent treatment and resource utilization of manure and waste from pig farms, realizing the sustainable development of livestock manure and waste. This technology can therefore be popularized in large scale in livestock breeding industry.

With the development of facility agriculture, the mode of waterfowl breeding is evolving year by year. Because the traditional open aquaculture in water area has become more and more detrimental to poultry' health and ecological environment, waterfowl flat farming in dry land is born in response to it. However, the traditional flat farming in dry land only saves resources and protects the environment. Therefore the battery farming and bio-bedding under slatted floor become an irresistible trend due to their benefits of increasing the land utilization rate and reducing the virus invasion. With the improvement of science and technology, the waterfowl breeding mode has gradually developed from standardization and large-scale to intensification and automation to welfare, and the structure of waterfowl breeding facilities has been gradually improved. The paper investigates the facility structure and breeding mode of waterfowl breeding in various regions of China, summarizes the breeding mode types and history of domestic waterfowl breeding, and predicts its development trend as well.

In order to identify the spatial-temporal evolution characteristics of carbon emissions from mutton sheep breeding in China and explore its emission reduction path, this study adopted partial life cycle method to measure the carbon emissions from mutton sheep breeding in China's provinces (municipalities and autonomous regions) from 2002 to 2019. The LMDI model was established by integrating production efficiency, regional structure, industrial structure, scale effect and technological development into the same research framework. The results show that the carbon emission from gastrointestinal fermentation and fecal management system are the main sources of carbon emissions from mutton sheep breeding, which accounting for 75.58%~90.75%. The carbon emissions of feed grain planting, feed grain processing and mutton sheep raising all show an increasing trend, in particular, the growth rate of feed grain planting is more significant. China's medium and slightly high carbon emission areas of mutton sheep breeding show an obvious dynamic evolution trend, while the spatial pattern of low and high carbon emission areas remain basically unchanged. Scale effect is the largest contributor to carbon emission reduction in mutton sheep breeding, and technology development effect is the main driving factor of carbon emission increase.

The previous researches of the research group found that feeding fresh Fagopyrum dibotrys can maintain the laying rate of laying hens under natural high temperature conditions in summer, but the specific mechanism is unknown. This experiment intended to explore the mechanism of feeding fresh Fagopyrum dibotrys on laying hens from the perspective of intestinal related gene expression and microflora. 300 32-week-old Changshun green shell layers were randomly divided into 5 treatment groups (Group C basic diet, T1 basic diet + 5% fresh Fagopyrum dibotrys, T2 basic diet + 10% Fagopyrum dibotrys, T3 basic diet + 15% fresh Fagopyrum dibotrys, and T4 basic diet + 20% fresh Fagopyrum dibotrys), and each treatment had 5 replicates, 12 layers in each replicate, and the experimental period was 90 days. The results showed: the expression of Occluding and EGF in duodenum and ileum of laying hens in T2 significantly increased(P<0.05). The abundance of bifidobacteria (probiotics) in the ileum and Lactobacillus in the cecum of laying hens of T2 were increased. Therefore, the supplementation of fresh Fagopyrum dibotrys to the diet of laying hens may act on the positive resistance of laying hens and alleviate the stress effect of high temperature environment by up-regulating the expression of Occluding and EGF genes in the intestine and increasing the abundance of beneficial bacteria in the intestine. 

As a major intestinal nutrient, butyric acid and its derivatives play an important role in maintaining animal intestinal morphology, regulating the environment of animal intestinal flora, and regulating immunity. Previous studies have shown that butyric acid and its derivatives maintain the intestinal microenvironment of animals mainly by  promoting intestinal cell proliferation and affecting intestinal development, maintain the intestinal barrier by improving the expression of relevant proteins in small intestinal epithelial cells, and maintain the homeostasis of the internal environment by regulating the intestinal environment and stimulating the expression of relevant immune proteins. In terms of regulating energy metabolism, butyric acid and its derivatives directively break down to become energy supply, or serve as an energy intake regulator to affect energy metabolism by regulating related genes,mitochondrial synthetic repair and neural circuits. In addition, butyric acid and its derivatives act as signaling molecules in the immune pathway, regulate the gene and protein expression of immune factors, inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells, and improve intestinal immunity. This article mainly discusses the research progress of the mechanism of butyric acid in maintaining animal intestinal health, in order to provide theoretical reference for the development of butyrate products.

To investigate the cause of caseous exudate in oviducts of growing layers in parts of Shandong,Anhui,Hebei,Ningxia and other regions, bacteria were isolated and cultured from the clinical pathological samples. Morphological,molecular biology,serological,animal regression and drug sensitivity tests for these isolated bacteria were carried out. The results showed that the 13 isolated bacteria were Riemerella anatipestifer, mainly serotype 7, and the OmpA genes had evolved into two branches. The animal regression test could replicate the same clinical symptoms, and the drug sensitivity test showed that the isolated bacteria were more sensitive to florfenicol, doxycycline, spectinomycin and cephalosporins. This study provides a theoretical basis for the isolation and identification of Riemerella anatipestifer from different susceptible hosts and the genetic evolution analysis of strains, and also provides reference for the prevention and control of Riemerella anatipestifer infection in poultry.

Regional optimization and rational distribution of animal husbandry is an inevitable requirement of agricultural supply-side reform and high-quality development. In this paper, the spatial autocorrelation method is used to analyze the geographical agglomeration characteristics of animal husbandry by using the panel data of provincial animal production in China, and the causes of its formation are analyzed. The results show that the animal husbandry in China presents obvious agglomeration characteristics, and the development of animal husbandry in each province is significantly affected by its neighboring provinces. The spatial agglomeration of industry is unbalanced, with “high-high” agglomeration in eastern and central China and “low-low” agglomeration in western China. Livestock husbandry layout is relatively stable, and it will continue to maintain the status in the future. Based on this, this paper puts forward some policy suggestions, such as promoting moderate scale operation, developing professional, market-oriented and integrated industry chain, and improving supporting system of animal husbandry.

Poultry is one of the animals that needs long time light exposure. Scientific and correct light program has a significant impact on the growth and development, sexual maturity, first birth age, and egg production peak of laying hens. It is of great production significance to set the corresponding light program during the different stages of induced molting in fasting and feeding recovery. In this study, 529-day-old Guifei chickens with similar body weight and about 60% egg production rate were used as experimental material. According to the different periods of fasting induced moult, the changes of light regime were divided into four stages, and samples were collected at five different periods: the last day of the first stage (16 h L/8 h D, Before fasting), stage Ⅱ (8 h L/16 h D for 3 days), and stage Ⅲ (10 h L/14 h D for 13 days) (F₀, F₃, F₁₆), and 6 d and 32 d of stage Ⅳ (gradually increasing light exposure by 0.5 h/d to 16 h L/8 h D). The number of follicles, ovarian antioxidant indicators, KIT-PI3K-PTEN-AKT signaling pathway and GDF9 gene expression were measured to explore the role of light program in the process of fasting induced molt. Results showed that the levels of FSH, LH, E₂ and P₄ in serum decreased when light exposure was shortened（P<0.001）, and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD)(P<0.05) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PO) (P<0.001) increased. In particular, primordial follicles were likely to be activated, leading to the increase of numbers of small yellow follicles(P<0.01), primary follicles and secondary follicles(P>0.05). When the light was gradually restored, the expression of KIT and PI3K was continuously high(P<0.001), the expression of PTEN decreased(P<0.01), and the expression of AKT was basically unchanged(P>0.05). The serum levels of reproductive hormones and ovarian antioxidant levels returned to the pre-test state, but the overall number of follicles increased. The results suggest that scientific and reasonable light program during fasting and molting has an auxiliary effect on the remodeling of ovarian function.

Black soldier fly larvae have good application prospects in the resource utilization of kitchen waste. To investigate the effect of spiciness on the growth of black soldier fly larvae, seven different spiciness gradient diets (capsaicin concentration of 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0 and 1.2%) were fed to 7-day-old black soldier fly larvae in this study. The results showed that the feed to gain ratio of the 0.8% capsaicin group was significantly lower than that of the 0.6% capsaicin group (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference with other groups. The larvae in the 0.8% capsaicin group had the lowest dry matter content and were significantly lower than those in the 0.6% and 1.2% capsaicin groups (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in other indicators such as growth performance, survival rate, conversion rate and waste reduction index of black soldier fly larvae (P>0.05). The results showed that the 0.8% capsaicin group had the least nutrients converted from feed, and the 0.6% capsaicin group had the lowest conversion efficiency. Therefore, the larvae of black soldier fly show great tolerance to spiciness, and the results of this study will provide basic data for black soldier fly larvae in the resource utilization of kitchen waste.

This study aimed to investigate the genetic diversity of local cattle breeds. In this experiment, blood and hair samples were collected in different regions from Wannan cattle, Leiqiong cattle, Naqu yak and Haizi buffalo, and genomic DNA was obtained. mtDNA COI, Cytb and D-loop genes were amplified by conventional PCR technique, and barcode sequences were obtained by Sanger sequencing, and then their genetic information was explored. The results showed that the A/T content of the mitochondrial genes of the four cattle species were significantly higher than the G/C content, with a significant anti-G bias, and all of them showed high genetic diversity, among which the Naqu yak was particularly outstanding. The use of COI and Cytb protein codons also showed a certain preference. The NJ phylogenetic tree constructed based on Cytb gene showed the best performance and was able to cluster the four cattle species better, which was more suitable for the exploration of phylogenetic relationships in this paper.

To analyze the etiology of chicken respiratory disease in Yunnan Province in 2020, 111 mixed samples of lungs, spleen, throat and trachea were collected from 111 chicken farms in Kunming, Honghe, Qujing, Dali, Chuxiong, and Zhaotong. PCR was preformed to detect the nucleic acids of avibacterium paragallinarum, mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG), mycoplasma synoviae (MS), newcastle disease virus (NDV), infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV), avian influenza virus (AIV) and omithobacterium rhinotracheale (ORT). Further, some positive PCR products were verified through sequencing. The results showed that positive rates of avibacterium paragallinarum, MG, MS, NDV, IBV, ILTV, ATV, and ORT were 18.92% (21/111), 10.81% (12/111), 5.41% (6/111), 4.50% (5/111), 2.70% (3/111), 39.64% (44/111), 9.00% (10/111), 18.92% (21/111), respectively. Totally, the mixed infections accounted for 32.43% (36/111), and the mixed infection with 2, 3 and 4 pathogens accounted for 18.92% (21/111), 11.71%(13/111) and 1.80% (2/111), respectively.  In general,  the chicken respiratory disease in Yunnan Province in 2020 was caused by many factors, among which avibacterium paragallinarum, ILTV and ORT were the main pathogens.

With the sudden outbreak of COVID-19 epidemic as the entry point, the outbreak area and the non-outbreak area regarded as a quasi-natural experiment of the impact of some provinces on pork price, the multi-phase DID model was used to investigate the impact of COVID-19 epidemic on pork price in this study. DID-QR model was built to test the processing effect of COVID-19 epidemic on pork price under different initial price growth rates and different institutional environments. The results showed that the outbreak of COVID-19 epidemic led to a sharp rise in pork price, with an average increase of about 10%. The price of pork affected by the epidemic showed a trend of rising, stable, rising again, stable and falling. During the inspection period, the price of pork increased significantly only in the next month, March, June and July, and began to show an obvious downward trend in October. The outbreak of COVID-19 has widened the gap of pork prices in different regions, and the effect of the epidemic on the price is more obvious in the areas where the initial agricultural economic development level is relatively low and the initial economic development level is relatively high. Therefore, according to the heterogeneity of pork prices under different conditions, the government should formulate targeted measures to reduce the impact of sudden external shocks on the pork market by establishing the linkage mechanism of the main links of the industrial chain and improving the public information platform.

To analyze the composition and diversity characteristics of the gut microbiota of healthy geese and the surface environmental microbiota of goose house, this experiment used healthy adult Taihu geese as the research subjects. Gizzard, proventriculus, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and cecum contents were collected, and feces from geese and environmental samples were aseptically collected. Bacterial genomes were extracted, and high-throughput sequencing was performed using the IonS5TMXL platform to analyze the abundance and structural characteristics of the gut microbiota of geese and the environmental microbiota of goose houses. The results showed that the species richness of the proventriculus content microbiota was relatively high, significantly higher than the microbiota of the jejunum, ileum, and cecum (P<0.05). The cecum microbiota exhibited the highest diversity, with its Shannon value significantly higher than that of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum (P<0.05), greater than that of the gizzard and proventriculus microbiota, but the difference was not significant (P>0.05). In terms of α-diversity indicators of the environmental microbiota in goose houses, except for the Simpson value being significantly higher than that of the ileum (P<0.05), the other indicators did not show significant differences compared to the various segments of the digestive tract (P>0.05). β diversity comparisons revealed that the microbiota structures of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum contents of geese were relatively similar, while the cecum and fecal microbiota had closer genetic and compositional distances. The microbiota structures of the gizzard, proventriculus, and goose house environment were similar. Different absolute dominant microbial species were found in the contents of various segments of the goose digestive tract, with significant differences in abundance. The absolute dominant phyla (relative abundance greater than 5.00%) in the healthy gizzard, proventriculus, and small intestine segments (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum) contents were Firmicutes, Cyanobacteria, and Proteobacteria, with the duodenum also including Campilobacterota. The absolute dominant phyla in the cecum contents were Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, while in the goose house environment, the absolute dominant phyla were Firmicutes and Proteobacteria. Similarly, there were spatial differences in the distribution of dominant genera, with Bacteroides being the absolute dominant genus in the cecum (25.81%). In conclusion, the spatial distribution of the segments of the goose digestive tract significantly influenced the abundance and diversity of the microbiota, while the diversity of the environmental microbiota in goose houses was relatively consistent with that of the various segments of the digestive tract, with different absolute dominant microbial species colonizing different segments of the digestive tract.

The aim of this study was to investigate alterations in blood physiological and biochemical parameters of Xinong Saanen dairy goats at different lactation stages and the correlations among these parameters to reflect the physiological and metabolic status and overall health conditions of dairy goats at different lactation stages. Blood samples from 150 Xinong Saanen dairy goats at different lactation stages were collected to determine their blood physiological and biochemical indicators for correlation analysis, in order to explore the influence of non-genetic factors on blood biochemical indicators in Xinong Saanen dairy goats. The findings indicated that: (1) lactation stage significantly influenced various blood parameters such as total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), globulin (GLB), albumin/globulin ratio (A/G), glucose (GLU), total cholesterol (TC), and triglyceride (TG) in Xinong Saanen dairy goats. (2) Significant correlations were observed among TP and GLB, ALB and A/G, ALB and BUN, A/G and GLB, A/G and GLU at different lactation periods (P<0.05). Blood biochemical indicators are significantly affected by lactation periods, and the significant correlations have been observed among the blood biochemical indicators in dairy goats. These findings comprehensively reflect the health and physiological status of dairy goats, providing theoretical references for improving goat milk quality, adjusting nutritional supply, and managing goat farms.

F₂ individuals of 462 Texel sheep × Altay sheep were selected in this study, including 229 male lambs and 233 female lambs. All the experimental sheep were reared under uniform conditions until 8 months of age and then slaughtered. After slaughter, the tenderness was measured by C-LM4 tenderness meter. Illumina sheep high density (600K) SNP chip was used for genotyping, and the MLM model of GEMMA software was used for genome-wide association analysis of tenderness traits. After quality control, the remaining 613178 SNPs were used for genome-wide association analysis, and a total of 9 potential SNPs were found to be related to tenderness on chromosomes 2, 6, 23, and 24, respectively. Based on the biological functions of genes and related literature, EREG, AREG and PDE1A genes were speculated to be involved in the biological processes of muscle regeneration and muscle fiber formation, and could be used as important candidate genes affecting tenderness. The aim of this study was to locate SNP sites related to sheep tenderness and their important candidate genes by genome-wide association analysis, so as to provide a scientific basis for improving sheep muscle tenderness by molecular biological methods. 

To determine the cause of the disease in beef cattle on a beef farm in Changli County, Hebei Province, a dominant strain was isolated and purified from the nasal mucus of diseased cattle with obvious respiratory symptoms, and identified by bacterial culture, Gram staining, bacterial biochemical identification, rpoB gene detection and 16S rRNA sequence analysis. The drug susceptibility of the isolate to 18 antibiotics such as tylosin and cefradine was tested by K-B test paper. The test results showed that the isolate was positive for Gram staining of short rod-shaped cocci, and could grow as dry and rough yellowish colonies on blood agar medium, and precipitated in LB liquid medium, with slight turbidity in the upper layer and granular and flaky precipitation in the lower layer. The isolate was identified as having lipase, lysine decarboxylase, β-glucosidase and α-glucosidase activities, and was able to ferment algose, maltose and sucrose, which were consistent with the biochemical characteristics of Corynebacterium xerosis. The homology and consistency of 16S rRNA sequences with Corynebacterium saudium were 99% and 91.6%. It was resistant to seven drugs, such as Tylomycin and cefradine, and sensitive to nine drugs, such as ciprofloxacin and Ennoxacin. The test results show that the isolate is  Corynebacterium xerosis.