To investigate the effects of conventional auxiliary materials (such as mushroom residue and furfural residue) on the fermentation process, maturity, and nitrogen fixation of chicken manure, a single factor experimental design was adopted in the experiment. Pure chicken manure, furfural residue, and mushroom residue were used as composting materials for 30 days. A total of 4 treatments were set up, namely CK (pure chicken manure), T1 (CK+10% furfural residue), T2 (CK+10% furfural residue+10% mushroom residue), and T3 (CK+10% furfural residue+20% mushroom residue). The results showed that adding mushroom residue and furfural residue to the diet prolonged the duration of the high-temperature period of the pile by 11.1%~33.3%, and increased the seed germination rate by 6.1%~12.5%, thereby accelerating the maturation process of the compost. The combination of furfural residue and 10% mushroom residue can significantly reduce the organic matter loss of the compost by 11.1%（P<0.05）, total nitrogen loss of the pile by 10.7%（P<0.05）. Taking into account the fermentation process parameters, nitrogen fixation, and ripening effects of pure chicken manure compost, it is more suitable to mix furfural residue with 10% mushroom residue for application.

Through the combined intervention of feeding compound lactobacillus, spray deodorizing compound probiotics and introducing deodorant compound probiotics, the biodegradation effect of compound probiotics on manure odor in pig farms was studied. A total of 2910 pigs (with an average weight of about 65 kg/pig) were involved and divided into control group (918 pigs without any intervention), experimental group 1 (1003 pigs, fed with 2×10⁹ cfu/d compound lactobacillus including Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus paracasei and Lactobacillus rhamnosus, and spraying deodorant compound probiotics including Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and experimental group 2 (989 pigs, fed with compound lactobacillus, spraying deodorant compound probiotics and introducing deodorant compound probiotics into the septic tank). The health status of pigs and the changes in the concentration of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide were explored. The results showed that compared with the control group, the average diarrhea rate, morbidity and mortality of pigs in experimental group 1 decreased by 87.07%, 74.44% and 69.49%, and that of pigs in experimental group 2 decreased by 73.38%, 58.17% and 79.38%, respectively. The average concentrations of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide in the pigsty of experimental group 1 decreased by 16.13% and 15.38% respectively, while those in experimental group 2 decreased by 26.27% and 26.92% respectively. In summary, the combination intervention method of feeding compound lactobacillus, spray deodorizing compound probiotics and introducing deodorizing compound probiotics effectively improved the health status of pigs and reduced the emissions of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide in piggery.

Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element for both humans and animals. Selenium agronomic strengthening of forage is an effective method to solve the low selenium content of forage resources in selenium-deficient areas. In this paper, the research status of forage selenium agronomic enhancement at home and abroad is summarized, and the agronomic enhancement methods of forage selenium (soil base application, foliar spraying, selenium soaking), the physiological effect of selenium on forage, the toxicity of excessive selenium to forage, the absorption and accumulation of exogenous selenium in forage and the application of selenium-rich forage in livestock and poultry production are summarized. The aim is to provide scientific basis for the development and utilization of selenium-rich forage and selenium-rich livestock and poultry products.

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of different energy and protein levels in diets during the fattening period on fermentation parameters and microbial diversity in the rumen of yaks. A total of 48 Niangya yaks, aged 2.5 years and with similar body weight and condition, were selected. They were randomly divided into 6 groups using a 3×2 two-factor design based on different energy levels (7.63, 8.25, and 8.88 MJ/kg) and protein levels (10.84%, 12.82%), with 8 replicates per group (half male and half female), and one yak per replicate. The adaptation period lasted for 15 days, followed by a trial period of 60 days. The results showed that 1) in yaks' rumen, NH₃-N content in low energy group was significantly lower than that in medium and high energy groups (P<0.05). The molar percentage of acetic acid was significantly higher in high-energy group compared to the low-energy group (P<0.05). The molar percentages of isobutyric acid and isovalerate were significantly higher in high-energy group than in medium energy group (P<0.05), and the molar percentage of valerate was significantly higher in high-energy group than in both low and medium energy groups (P<0.05). The molar percentage of butyrate in medium energy group was significantly higher than that in low energy group (P<0.05). The molar percentage of valerate in high protein group was significantly higher than that in low protein group (P<0.05). There was a significant interaction between dietary energy and protein levels on NH3-N concentration (P<0.05). 2) In rumen microflora, the Chao 1 index in high protein group was significantly lower than that in low protein group (P<0.05). There was a significant interaction between dietary energy and protein levels on the Chao1 and Shannon indices (P<0.05). 3) The relative abundance of Tenericutes in medium energy group was significantly higher than that in high energy group (P<0.05). The relative abundance of Patescibacteria in low energy group was significantly lower than that in medium and high energy groups (P<0.05), while it was significantly higher in high protein group than that in low protein group (P<0.05). The relative abundance of Bacterium F082 in high energy group was significantly higher than that in low energy group (P<0.05), and the relative abundance of Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group was significantly lower than that in low energy group (P<0.05). In conclusion, the enegery level of diets during fattening period did not affect the rumen environment of yaks. However, a low protein level reduced rumen ammonia nitrogen content and increased rumen microbial richness, although it did not affect the composition of rumen microorganisms.

Milk production traits are crucial economic traits in Holstein cattle, and estimating genetic parameters for milk production traits lays a solid foundation for subsequent breeding research. This study integrated 567 969 DHI test-day records and pedigree data from 60 560 Holstein cows across 13 farms in Hebei and Ningxia provinces between 2009 and 2023. Genetic parameter estimation for milk production traits was conducted using a random regression test-day model. The results indicated heritability estimation for each trait in the first and second parity were as follows: Daily Milk Yield - 0.24 and 0.15; Milk Protein Yield - 0.19 and 0.13; Milk Fat Yield - 0.11 and 0.07; Somatic Cell Score - 0.02 for both parities. Moreover, there were positive phenotypic and genetic correlations among Daily Milk Yield, Milk Protein Yield, and Milk Fat Yield, while mostly negative phenotypic and genetic correlations were observed between Somatic Cell Score and the aforementioned three traits. These findings provide important insights for population breeding of Holstein cattle.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different levels of Curcumin (Cur) on cecal bacteria in heat-stressed broilers. A total of 180 healthy 1-day-old male Arbor Acres (AA) broilers with similar body weight were randomly divided into 5 groups, with 3 replicates in each group and 12 chickens in each replicate. The control group (C group) and heat stress group (HS group) were fed the basal diet, and the experimental groups were supplemented with 75 mg/kg, 150 mg/kg, and 300 mg/kg of Curcumin in the basal diet, respectively. The heat stress test began at day 21 and ended at day 42. The environmental temperature of the control group was controlled at 22±1 ℃ for 24 h. The environmental temperature of the heat stress group and the experimental group was at 34±1 ℃, 8h/d, and the rest of the time was controlled at 22±1 ℃. The results showed that: 1) adding 75 mg/kg curcumin significantly increased the diversity of cecal microbiota in broilers (P<0.05); 2) Adding 150 mg/kg of curcumin can increase the proportion of Colidextribacter; 3) The KEGG functional enrichment analysis results showed that adding 75 mg/kg and 150 mg/kg of curcumin can increase the relative abundance of pathways such as amino acid synthesis and metabolism, carbon metabolism, glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, cysteine and methionine metabolism. In conclusion, adding curcumin to the diet can to some extent regulate the balance of cecal microbiota in heat stressed broilers and maintain intestinal health.

In order to investigate the effects of different fishmeal additions to feeds on the growth performance, conventional nutrients, and health status of Onychostoma macrolepis juveniles, three types of practical feeds were formulated to have equal nitrogen and fat content but different fishmeal levels (20% (FM20), 16% (FM16), 12% (FM12)). The commercial yellow catfish feed (CN), commonly used in Onychostoma macrolepis production, served as the control. A total of 192 juvenile Onychostoma macrolepis (6.00±0.05 g) were randomly allocated into four groups and subjected to a 70-day culture trial. The results showed that (1) there was no significant difference in specific growth rate and final body weight between the FM20 group and the CN group, and the degree of fattening was significantly higher than that of the CN group (P<0.05); the feed coefficients of the FM20 and CN groups were significantly lower than that of the FM12 group; (2) the composition of fatty acids of the whole fish showed that ΣSFA of the CN group was significantly higher than that of the remaining three groups; ΣMUFA of the CN and FM20 groups was significantly higher than that of the FM16 and FM12 groups; muscle crude protein level of FM20 and CN groups was significantly higher than that of FM12 group (P<0.05); (3) hepatopancreatic T-SOD activity of FM20 group was significantly higher than that of CN group (P<0.05); CAT activity of FM20 group was significantly higher than that of FM12 group, and the hepatopancreatic MDA content of FM12 group was significantly higher than that of FM20 group (P<0.05); and (4) the height of intestinal villi in FM20 group was significantly higher than that in FM16 and FM12 groups. In summary, under the conditions of this study, the group adding 20% fishmeal was not significantly different from the yellow catfish feed group in terms of production performance, conventional nutrients, and health condition. And the total fish weight gain and comprehensive benefit increased by 6.23 % and 8.02 %, respectively, compared with the commercial feed group, which could partially replace the commercial yellow catfish feed. This study provides a reference to the status of lacking specialized feed for the Onychostoma macrolepis industry.

High concentrations of organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus pollutants, and pathogenic microorganisms in piggery wastewater pose a serious threat to water bodies and ecological environment. This paper delves into the increasingly prominent piggery wastewater treatment technologies in recent years. It provides a comprehensive overview on the research status, pollutant removal rate, resource utilization and energy efficiency of innovative technologies, including physical and chemical methods, microalgae technology and constructed wetlands. Through the review of the advantages and disadvantages of various resource utilization technologies and existing optimization measures, the paper aims to provide valuable insights for the enhancement and refinement of pig wastewater treatment processes.

This study aimed to investigate the impact of adding different concentrations of chlorogenic acid (CGA) to the frozen diluent of goat semen on the quality of frozen semen. Different concentrations of CGA (0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, and 1.2 mg/mL) were incorporated into the semen diluent, then cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen using a straw method. After thawing at 37 ℃,semen quality was assessed by measuring sperm viability, kinematic parameters, acrosome and plasma membrane integrity, antioxidant performance, and apoptosis proteins. The findings indicated that the addition of 0.4 mg/mL of CGA resulted in the highest levels of post-thaw sperm viability, motility, acrosome and plasma membrane integrity, which were significantly superior to the control group (P<0.05). Furthermore, at 0.4 mg/mL of CGA, the levels of total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in sperm were notably elevated, significantly surpassing those of the control group (P<0.05), while malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were notably reduced, significantly lower than the control group (P<0.05). Additionally, the highest superoxide dismutase (SOD) value was observed at a CGA concentration of 0.8 mg/mL, significantly higher than the control group (P<0.05). Analysis of apoptosis protein expression revealed that CGA supplementation decreased the expression of pro-apoptotic protein a-Caspase-3 in sperm, increased the expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2, and decreased the expression of pro-apoptotic protein BAX. In summary, the inclusion of 0.4 mg/mL of CGA in the diluent of dairy goat semen can enhance the quality of frozen semen from dairy goats. 

Clostridium perfringens is a Gram-positive bacterium that causes serious diseases in livestock and poultry and reduces livestock production by releasing toxins and enzymes, thus reducing livestock production. Literature analysis can provide insights into the development direction of the discipline, clarify the current research status and identify development trends. However, there is a lack of systematic review of literature on Clostridium perfringens. Therefore, this study aims to use the core database of web of science to summarize the literature using Clostridium perfringens as a keyword. The results showed that: 1) From 1980 to 2022, a total of 9,093 papers related to Clostridium perfringens were published, with “Foodborne Illness Acquired in the United States-Major Pathogens” being the most cited (1,401 times); (2) The countries with the highest number of publications are the United States (2,688) > Japan (850) > Germany (644) > United Kingdom (561) > Canada (501) > China (500); (3) The keywords with the highest weight for Clostridium perfringens are “toxin” from 1980 to 2022, and it intersects with disciplines such as microbiology, agriculture science, food science and technology, veterinary medicine, and bioengineering and applied biology. Bioengineering and applied biology are intersected by other disciplines. Effective containment of Clostridium perfringens is the core and rapid eradication is the key. To this end, this paper analyzes the research trends of Clostridium perfringens and proposes new ideas for future research such as phage therapy and vaccine immunization, and provides theoretical support for safeguarding livestock production.

To analyze the polymorphic loci of hemoglobin (Hb) genes and their genetic effects in Pamir Plateau domestic sheep (Tashkurgan sheep) and wild sheep (Pamir urial), this study selected multiple sheep breeds such as Dolang sheep, Tashkurgan sheep, and urial sheep as research subjects. PCR amplification combined with direct sequencing and bioinformatics approaches were used to examine polymorphisms in the b subunit and e subunit, and an association analysis was performed between genotypes and hemoglobin content (HGB). The results indicated that HGB levels were significantly higher in Tashkurgan sheep compared to Dolang sheep (P<0.01). Thirteen SNPs and twelve haplotypes were identified in the b subunit. Transcription factor binding site prediction revealed a mutation in the RUNX1 (a hematopoietic stem cell transcription factor) binding site in urial sheep. Four SNPs and five haplotypes were observed in the second exon of the e subunit, with three nonsynonymous mutations at the amino acid level. The findings suggest that Tashkurgan sheep, residing at high altitudes, have adapted to hypoxic environments by increasing HGB levels. Sheep enhance their oxygen-carrying capacity through mutations in the Hb gene that increase Hb hydrophobicity, thereby facilitating adaptation to low-oxygen conditions.

The study aims to investigate the methods for isolation, culture, identification, and induction of differentiation of satellite cells from rabbit skeletal muscle, and to establish a comprehensive culture system for rabbit skeletal muscle satellite cells. New Zealand White rabbits at 1 day of age were selected as the experimental animals and satellite cells from hind leg muscle tissue were isolated using a combination of collagenase and trypsin digestion method. Subsequently, the satellite cells were purified using differential adhesion method and induced into mature myotubes under low serum conditions. Finally, protein immunoblotting technique was employed to analyze the expression of the satellite cell marker gene MyoG, and the induced differentiated skeletal muscle satellite cells were identified using MHC immunofluorescence staining for myosin heavy chain (MHC). The results showed that the purified rabbit skeletal muscle satellite cells exhibited a spindle-shaped morphology with evident refringence. Upon further induction of myogenic differentiation, successful formation of myotubes was observed. Protein immunoblotting results indicated a significant increase in MyoG expression in the differentiated cells, while immunofluorescence indentification showed positivity for MHC. In conclusion, this experiment successfully isolated and cultured primary rabbit skeletal muscle satellite cells, established a comprehensive culture and induction differentiation technique system for rabbit skeletal muscle satellite cells, laying a solid foundation for further in vitro studies on rabbit skeletal muscle satellite cells.

The experiment aimed to analyze the genetic diversity of Yao chicken using the sequence of mitochondrial DNA control region (D-loop region). A total of 64 Yao chicken’s mitochondrial DNA D-loop regions were fully sequenced to assess the genetic diversity and haplotype characteristics of Yao chickens. Additionally, a NJ phylogenetic tree was constructed to illustrate the relationship between different haplotypes and red jungle fowl. The results showed that the genetic diversity of haplotypes in Yao chickens were 0.779, with a nucleic acid diversity of 0.00148. Ten haplotypes were identified, belonging to four haplotype groups A, B, C, and E, with E being the dominant haplotype group. The main maternal source might be the Indian subspecies in South Asia. This study enriches the genetic diversity data of chicken populations in China and provides a scientific basis for the conservation, utilization and genetic breeding of Yao chicken germplasm resources.

Theileria spp., an important parasitic protozoan, primarily infects the red blood cells, macrophages, and lymphocytes of sheep, causing ovine theileriosis. This disease is characterized by clinical symptoms such as lethargy, anemia, high fever, malnutrition, and enlargement of superficial lymph nodes. To identify the species of Theileria infecting sheep exhibiting typical symptoms at a farm in Shaanxi Province, as well as to analyze their genetic and evolutionary relationships, six blood samples were collected from affected animals. These samples were examined using morphological methods, including stained blood smears and microscopic observation. Additionally, molecular analyses were conducted by extracting DNA from the samples and amplifying the Theileria SSU rRNA gene through PCR, followed by sequencing, sequence alignment, and phylogenetic tree construction. Morphological observation preliminarily confirmed the presence of Theileria infection in red blood cells. Molecular analysis revealed PCR amplification products of approximately 770 bp, consistent with the expected size of the target gene. Sequencing of the positive PCR products yielded a 773 bp target gene sequence. Sequence analysis showed that the Theileria isolates from this study shared 100% identity with the T. luwenshuni isolate derived from goats in Hainan Province (GenBank reference sequence: MK680191), and they clustered within the same branch of the phylogenetic tree, indicating a close genetic relationship. In conclusion, T. luwenshuni appears to be widely distributed among sheep in Shaanxi Province and exhibits genetic diversity. This study provides valuable reference data for the effective and integrated control of ovine theileriosis.

In order to investigate the genetic diversity and matrilineal origin of Tan sheep in Gansu province, the study focused on Tan sheep from Huanxian, Jingtai and Jingyuan counties in Gansu Province. The mtDNA D-loop region sequences of the Tan sheep were obtained through PCR amplification and direct sequencing. The analysis included genetic diversity, genetic structure and the construction of a phylogenetic tree. The results showed that a total of 7 different mtDNA D-loop sequences of varying lengths (ranging from 1 107 to 1 183 bp, with 1 182 bp being the most common) were identified among the three Tan sheep populations. The average contents of A, G, T, C, A+T and C+G in the three populations were 33.24%, 14.29%, 29.56%, 22.88%, 62.87% and 37.18%, respectively, with A+T significantly higher than that of C+G. A total of 154 mutation sites and 33 haplotypes were identified, with an average haplotype diversity (Hd) of 0.977 and nucleotide diversity (Pi) of 0.035 for the mtDNA D-loop sequences across the three Tan sheep populations. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the 41 Tan sheep sampled could be divided into three branches, suggesting the existence of three maternal lineages among Gansu Tan sheep. The study concludes that Gansu Tan sheep exhibit rich genetic diversity, genetic stability, and three distinct maternal origins.

Food waste and distiller's grains are important local wastes that can be converted into high-quality protein by the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens). The ratio of food waste to distiller's grains is 10∶0 in the control group (A),While it is 9∶1,8∶2,7.5∶2.5 and 7∶3 in group B,C,D and E,respectively. The results showed that (1) at the age of 26 days, the proportion of distiller's grains was 10%, and there was a significant difference in the quality of black soldier flies compared to other treatment groups (P<0.05). (2) When the proportion of distiller's grains was 10%, the weight of black soldier fly  was the highest, at 241.80 mg/20 pieces. When the proportion of distiller's grains  was 30%, the minimum weight gain  was 165.89 mg/20 pieces. (3) When the proportion of distiller's grains exceeded 20%, the food intake of black soldier fly larvae began to decrease. Compared with the control, when the proportion of distiller's grains  was 10%, the feeding amount of black soldier fly larvae  was the highest, at 163.10 g/20 pieces. (4) When the proportion of distiller's grains  was 10%, the black soldier fly  was the longest, with an average of 2.12 cm/20 pieces. When the proportion of distiller's grains  was 30%, It  was the shortest, with an average of 1.89 cm/20 pieces. In summary, the optimal ratio of distiller's grains to kitchen waste for the growth of black soldier fly larvae is 1∶9. This study provides technical support for the future recycling of distiller's grains and kitchen waste.

To better understand the variability and distribution of comb notches number of single-combed Qingyuan Partridge Chickens in the conservation and breeding populations, this study investigated the fast-feathering and slow-feathering lines within the conservation and breeding populations of Qingyuan Partridge Chickens. Furthermore, the study explored the differences in comb notch numbers among slow-feathering lines, as well as the correlations between comb notch numbers and body weight (at 42, 70, and 105 days of age), body measurements (comb height, tibia length, and tibia circumference) at different ages. The results indicated that the predominant comb notch numbers for various strains of Qingyuan Partridge chickens were 5 for large ones, and 5, 6, and 7 notches are the majority, among which the comb notches of male Qingyuan Partridge Chickens are all above 4. Large comb notch number and total comb notch number showed no impact or correlation with body weight and body measurements at various stages for male Qingyuan Partridge chickens. The hens with a large comb notch number ≥6 and a total comb notch number of 7 exhibited better growth performance. Among the correlations with different comb notch numbers, there was a significantly weak positive correlation between large comb notch number in slow-feathering line hens of Qingyuan Partridge chickens and body weight at 42 days of age (r=0.161,P＜0.01), indicating that the large comb notch number in single-combed Qingyuan Partridge slow-feathering line hens could assist in early selection for body weight at 42 days of age.

This study used the whole genome re-sequencing data of Bashang long-tailed chicken to identify and analyze the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and insertion deletion (indel) loci, in order to enrich the SNP and InDel information of Bashang long-tailed chicken. The SNP and InDel loci of Bashang long-tailed chicken were identified by GATK software. ANNOVAR software was used to predict the genomic region of the mutation site and the impact of the mutation. Through various bioinformatics software, the genes of SNP and indel loci were aligned with the GO and KEGG databases to obtain corresponding function and pathway annotations. A total of 36 055 nonsynonymous mutations were detected in this study, with genes annotating to 126 GO entries related to metabolic process, cell composition and catalytic activity, as well as 54 KEGG pathways including cell structure, DNA repair and replication, and signal transduction pathways. Within the CDS regions, 6 769 InDel loci were identified, with genes annotating to 102 GO entries and 30 KEGG pathways including adipocytokine signaling pathway, phosphatidylinositol signaling system, p53 signaling pathway. The results revealed the presence of a considerable number of SNP and InDel loci in Bashang long-tailed chicken, with the predominant mutation type in SNP being conversion. Significant differences were observed in the distribution patterns of genomic functional elements and mutation types between SNP and InDel loci, and the genes associated with SNP and InDel locus may have a potential correlation with the reproduction and feather color formation of Bashang long-tailed chicken.