非洲猪瘟病毒（African Swine fever virus，ASFV）是双股线性DNA病毒，属于非洲猪瘟病毒科（Asfarviridae）、非洲猪瘟病毒属（Asfivirus），是引起非洲猪瘟（African Swine fever, ASF）的元凶。近5年来，ASF席卷全球，导致大量的生猪被捕杀，给全球养殖业造成了重大损失。由于ASFV的宿主和生存特点不断改变，其有效治疗方法仍未研发成功，致病机制也未完全明了，ASF对养殖业仍有潜在的威胁。该文对ASFV的分子病理机制、分子检测技术和治疗防控等方面进行了综述，旨在为进一步研究与应对ASFV提供理论依据。

African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a double stranded linear DNA virus, belonging to the Asfarviridae family, the Asfivirus genus, and is the causative agent of the African swine fever (ASF). Over the past 5 years, ASF has swept across the world, leading to the mass culling of pigs  and causing severe losses to the global livestock industry. Due to the constantly changing host and survival features of ASFV, effective treatment methods have yet to be successfully developed, and the pathogenesis remains incompletely understood, posing a potential threat to the livestock breeding industry. This article reviews the molecular pathological mechanisms of ASFV, molecular detection technologies, and therapeutic and preventive measures of ASFV, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for further research and response to ASFV.