In recent years，the rapid development of the sheep and goat embryo engineering technology propeled the growing demand of oocytes, which are important cells to preserve super female livestock genetic resources in the animal germplasm resources protection system，However，oocytes is extremely sensitive to low temperature and freeze due to the special  structure and function and study on its cryopreservation lagged behind that on embryo technology, leaving how to improve the quality of cryopreservation oocytes a challenging focus in the subzero biology and embryo biotechnology research．This article reviewed the latest research progress and existing problems of goat oocyte cryopreservation，and thereafter proposed effective measures on how to further improve the quality of sheep and goat oocyte cryopreservation to provide theoretical guidance for future research．

With the rapid development of the （scale and intensive） pigraising industry,more and more waste are produced from pig farms. If the waste were not disposed timely and effectively, it would not only pollute the environment, but affect the livestock products safety. This paper summarized the generally utilized methods and technologies in disposing waste such as dead pigs by disease, wastewater and excrements, the existing problems and development in future,providing a reference for scale pig farms waste processing by rational and effective measures.

To explore whether Wnt/β-catenin signaling participates in goat cashmere regeneration and pigmentation,quantitative realtime PCR was used to test relative expression of several genes mRNA in goat skin tissues.Genes included upstream genes,such as β-catenin,Lef1 and Tcf3,within Wnt/β-catenin signaling and Dkk1,an antagonist of Wnt/β-catenin signaling.Skin tissues derived from white cashmere goat at different stages of cashmere growth and black goat in the middle of anagen.Results indicated that relative expression of genes within Wnt/β-catenin signaling upgraded at onset of anagen，peaked at middle of anagen and downregulated step by step in later anagen until telogen（lowest）；whereas,relative expression of Dkk1 did not show significant (variation) pattern.Relative expression of genes mentioned above did not obtain significant difference between white and black goat skin tissues in the middle of anange.All evidence demonstrated that Wnt/β-catenin signaling participated in goat cashmere regeneration,but not in pigmentation in the middle of anagen.

To study the polymorphism of skeleton muscle-specific pri-miR-133 among different sheep breeds and analyze its correlation with the muscle phenotype,  pri-miR-133 polymorphism among four breeds with different meat production performance (Texel, Chinese Merino Fine Wool, Altay and Hu Sheep), and the effects of the pri-miR-133b polymorphism on its secondary structure, stability and the capacity of mature miR-133 processing were detected and analyzed by PCR-SSCP. The result showed that there was a A/G transversion at 194 bp downstream of pre-miR-133b, and the SNP was clearly associated with its corresponding meat traits. In Texel flock, GG genotype was the preponderant genotype, and G allele frequency reached 0.86, the value of G allele frequency in Texel was four times the frequency of G allele in Chinese Merino flock. The Secondary structure further bio informatics analysis showed that the mutation significantly changed the secondary structure of pre-miR-133, and the free energy value was reduced by 3.2 KJ/mol. The above indicated that the SNP in pri-miR-133 may have a significant impact on the processing of mature miR-133, and affect the performance of sheep meat production.

To cultivate bigger Zuojia black mink with higher reproductivity, fast growth, quality plush and genetic stablity, the current study undertook the selective breeding of core mink flock by establishing core flock based on primary and fine selction of rank, quality, affinity and so on. The results showed that after the threegeneration selection,the litter size of female mink reached  5.585.58±1.72, survival number reached 5.33±1.81, and matching rate of male mink was 91.3%; male mink weight was (2.29±0.18)kg, female mink weight (1.28±0.14)kg; the male mink body length (44.6±2.17)cm, female mink body length (38.21±1.32)cm and the plush quality being improved. In conclusion, the selective breeding improved the weight, body length, reproductivity, plush quality of mink in general.

In order to provide a basis for further breeding work and genetic assessment of the Nanjiang Cashmere goat, the factors affecting early growth traits of the Nanjiang Cashmere goats were analyzed by SAS8.1 program and the leastsquares analysis. The results showed that there revealed an extremely significant influences of age of ewe, birth year, birth month, birth type and gender on birth weight and average daily gain (p<0.01); age of ewe, birth year, birth month, and gender significantly influenced weaning weight (p<0.01), and birth type did not affect the weaning weight(p>0.05). Therefore, the impact of nongenetic factors on early growth traits of Nanjiang cashmere goat, especially the impact by age of ewe, should be closely attended and the composition of the flock age structure be optimized, ie,older ewes be eliminated to improve production efficiency.Such factors affecting early growth traits can be used as fixed effects in models to prepare for early selection and genetic parameter estimation.

To compare the effect of selenium (Se) supplementatio(plant Se-Se-rich alfalfa, inorganic Se-sodium selenite and biological Se-Se-rich yeast) on the production performance, fecal Selenium content and feed Selenium absorption rate of laying hens, 300 50weekold healthy Roman hens were randomly divided into 5 groups with 4 replicates per group for a 38d experimental feeding. Control group were fed a basal diet, group 2 the basal diet supplemented with 15 percent of common alfalfa meal, group 3 and 4 further respectively supplemented with 1.60 mg/kg sodium selenite and 730 mg/kg Se yeast to the diet of group 2,and group 5 was fed the basal diet supplemented with 15 percent of Se-rich alfalfa meal. The results showed adding of Se-rich alfalfa in the basal diet could significantly increase laying rate and daily egg production (P<0.05), and decrease feed egg rate (P<0.05); the adding of Se-rich yeast could also significantly increase laying rate (P<0.05). No significant effect displayed on daily egg production and feed/egg with the adding of common alfalfa, sodium selenite and Se-rich yeast (P>0.05). The adding of sodium selenite, Se-rich yeast and Se-rich alfalfa in the basal diet could significantly increase the Se content in feces (P<0.01);the Se content in feces in the group supplemented with Se-rich alfalfa meal was not higher than that in the group supplemented with Se-rich yeast (P<0.05), but it was significantly lower than that in the group supplemented with sodium selenite (P<0.05).The adding of sodium selenite, Se-rich yeast and Se-rich alfalfa in the basal diet could significantly increase the feed Selenium absorption rate(P<0.01);the feed Selenium absorption rate in the group supplemented with Se-rich yeast and Se-rich alfalfa was significantly higher than that in the group supplemented with sodium selenite (P<0.05),and the feed Selenium absorption rate in the group supplemented with Se-rich yeast was lower than that in the group supplemented with Se-rich alfalfa (P<0.05). During the experiment, the absorption ability of organic selenium by laying hens improved with test time, and the absorption ability of inorganic selenium tended to be stable 21 days after test started. As for production performance of laying hens, effect of  Se-rich alfalfa is slightly higher than Se-rich yeast, much higher than common alfalfa and sodium selenite; when the dietary selenium content is in the same situation, the absorption ability of selenium of laying hens on the selenium of Se-rich alfalfa were significantly higher than that of sodium selenite, but slightly inferior to the selenium of Serich yeast.

To test the feasibility and nutrient level of mulberry leaves as goose feed ingredient through metabolic trial and investigate the nutrient substance and amino acid composition of four different varieties of mulberry leaves, a total of 24 Landaises were randomly allocated to 4 groups with 6 replicates per group and 1ducks per replicate. Metabolic tests were carried out by gavage method to collect 48h excretas and evaluate metbolizable energy values and nutrient digestibility of mulberry leaves by geese .The results showed that four kinds of mulberry averaged a crude protein content of 22.96% and CF of 9.68%, indicating that it was a protein supplement feed. The apparent metabolic values of DM, CP, EE, CF, Ca, P, Ash by geese were 39.76%~40.99%,44.71%~45.93%,38.13%~42.29%,29.28%~35.26%,38.21%~44.61%, 21.02%~22.58%,10.15%~10.60%, respectively. Except for histidine and glycine which displayed lower apparent metabolic rates by geese, the other AA and TAA apparent metabolic rates were 55.83%~69.66% .

To study the effect of Probiotic Complex on the milk yield, milk quality, physical condition and intestinal flora of dairy cow, twenty Holstein cows with substantially the same age, birth parity, lactation month and milk yield were selected and divided into test group and control group. The test group was fed with fodder mixed with probiotic complex, and its effect on intestinal flora of dairy cow was examined through plate count and PCRDGGE. Califomia Mastitis Test (CMT) was conducted to investigate its effect on milk quality and physical condition of cows. Results showed that the cows fed with Probiotic Complex could produce 2.9 kg more milk than the control group, milk yield rose by 14.8%, the difference was significant (P<0.01) and this will make significant economic benefits. Probiotic Complex may help intestinal flora to adjust so that the beneficial bacteria mainly Lactobacillus become dominant. Furthermore, it will inhibit mildew and degrade mycotoxins, reduce the number of somatic cells in milk, and prevent recessive breast (room) inflammation.

To research the impact of complex probiotics feeding on ammonia production and microorganisms in cattle manure，18 Holstein cows with similar parity, weight, stage of lactation and milk yield were chosen for a 60d matchedparis design and divided into the control group, groups with low daily dose of 50 mL probiotics and higher daily dose of100 mL probiotics. The results showed that probiotics treatment groups significantly reduced the ammonia production in the manure during the whole experiment period (P<0.05). In addition, lactobacillus content in low dose group and higher dose group were higher than the control group on day 30 (P<0.01), and lactobacillus content in low dose group was significantly higher than the control group when experiment ended (P<0.05). The results suggested that complex probiotics can adjust the intestinal micro ecologic environment of cows, and reduce the ammonia production in cow manure and improve the air quality.

Choosing Chinese Holstein cows at different growth stages as test objects, this paper studied the characteristics of pollutants and pollutant producing coefficients at different growth stages of cows with all sampling of feces. The results showed that the body weight of cows at different growth stages presented a double positive correlation with feed intake and manure output. P, Cu and Zn elements were excreted mainly through feces, among which the contents of Cu, Zn elements were limited or even zero in the urine. At the same time,milch cows had higher contribution to the environment than that in breeding period on N, P, or Cu, Zn either from unit weight feces or urine pollutants.

To investigate the seasonal change of the physiological and biochemical index of Tibetan sheep in Hongyuan area, the physiological and biochemical indexes from autumn and winter,spring to summer of Tibetan sheep were measured.The results showed that the body temperature of Tibetan sheep were 39.18~39.60 ℃, respiration27.20~49.04 times/minute, heart rate 91.87~106.25 times/minute throughout the year.  The index of WBC, MCV, MCH and MCHC in autumn and winter were significantly higher than those in spring and summer; RBC,HCT and RDWCV in autumn and winter were lower than those in spring and summer. PLT did not vary significantly in spring, summer and autumn; HGB remained relatively stable in the four seasons. The index of TP, ALB and GLO in summer and autumn were significantly higher than those in winter and spring, ALP and PCHE in summer and autumn were significantly lower than those in winter and spring. AST, ALT, LDH, GLU, CHOL and CA kept relatively stable in all seasons.

In order to develop a new diluent for boar semen stored at normal temperature, sperm motility, acrosome integrity rate, plasma membrane integrity, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, yield of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured to assess the influence of diluted powder to boar semen quality. The results showed that stored in mixed diluent for 5d at normal temperature, sperm motility averaged 0.63, acrosome integrity and plasma membrane integrity rate were 78.4% and 48.6%. SOD activity, yield of H₂O₂ and MDA were 177.39 IU/mL, 86.28 mmol/mL and 9.36 nmol/mL,respectively, indicating that the mixed diluent can be applied in the production.

Life cycle assessment method is applied in this experiment to determine quantity of pollution emission from beef cattle farm with 1800 heads of cattle in Gao'an city, Jiangxi province in 7 months of fattening period and to evaluate the impact of these pollution on global warming, environmental acidification, eutrophication and photochemical ozone synthesis.The system boundary includes fertilizer production, crops, feed transportation, beef cattle production and waste treatment. Results showed that greenhouse emission( equivalent basis to CO₂) reached 11908t, environmental acidification gas emission(equivalent basis to SO₂) 84.6t, eutrophication of gas emission(equivalent basis to PO₄^3-)14.4t, photochemical ozone synthesis gas emission( equivalent basis to C₂H₄) 1.68t. Feed transportation mainly affected the global warming (49.8% of total emission) and photochemical ozone synthesis problems(54.1% of total emission), waste treatment affected environmental acidification (70.1% of total emission) and eutrophication (76.4% of total emission), beef cattle production mainly affects the global warming(18.1% of total emission) and photochemical ozone synthesis(30.9% of total emission). The results indicated the pollution quantity can be reduced by shortening the transportation distance, improving the feed formula and waste treatment methods.

By fecal micro-histological analysis, we studied the diet of Tibetan antelope in Tiebujia area, Qinghai Province,then compared it with these in Kekexili Natural Reserve, and tried to find the possibility protecting antelope via ex situ conservation.Comparisen between fecal samplesshowed that four kinds of species Carex tristachya, Leontopodium leontopodioides, Poa indattenuata, and koeleria cristata were the main food diet of Tibetan antelopes in Tiebujia area,accoccnting for 18%,23%,11% and 8% of total,respectively. Anyway, stems of C. tristachya, leaves of L. leontopodioides, fruits of Thlaspi arvense, and flowers of Sphallerocarpus gracilis, were the most favorite parts in the food of antelopes. Other families accounting for higher proportion were as follows: Gramineae (43%), Cyperaceae (25%), Compositae (14%), Leguminosae (7%), and Cruciferae (3%), respectively. In conclusion, Tibetan antelope showed similar food diet of monocotyleden in Tiebujia with that in Kekexili area.

Abundant artificially synthesized feed additives such as antibiotics, hormones and preservatives are widely applied to feedstuff in breeding industry in China，which helped promote the progressing of breeding industry, and at the same time,large quantity of  chemicals additives on a longterm basis led to residuals in and drug resistance of animal products. The increasing requiring on food safety,especially the green, safe and pollutionfree animal husbandry products popularized urge and acceptance of the Chinese herb feed additives which are not only pure natural, nontoxic, free from drug resistance, pollutionfree and low residuals,also work to intensify animals' immunologic functions, improve animals' antistress ability, promote animals' growth and improve livestock and poultry quality, etc.. China has abundant Chinese herb resources and huge market potential for developing herb feed additives. Thereafter, the paper surveyed the characteristics of Chinese herb feed additives and their application status in breeding industry in detail to prepare reference for further research on Chinese herb feed additives.

To collect theoretical data on heat stress control through determining thermal factors and observing animal behaviors of dairy cows in an Inner Mongolian farm, the present study used a special handheld detector  to record the 10 day data from July, 3rd  to 12th , 2014 including hourly air temperature, humidity and wind speed change, number of cattles inside and outside the shed, number of cattles in eating, drinking, standing and lying, respectively, and the breathing scales of each cow.The results showed that,on daily （basis） the temperature and THI revealed a tendency from decreasing to increasing and descreasing; basis the percentages of animal staying outside and inside, lying down, standing, and drinking were all affected by the temperature; breathing scales increased with the temperature rising and scales of cows outside were higher than those inside the shed from 9 am to 5 pm. In conclusion, dairy cows displayed mild heat stress for 20h, moderate heat stress for 10h, and serious heat stress for 1h each day according to environmental factors and animal behaviors.

With the development of the livestock science and the outreach of industry chain, the livestock ecology which focused on study the relationship between livestocks and the ecological environment is now facing  new challenge and developing opportunities. Based on research and analysis, the paper undertook indepth exploration on the discipline orietation, research category and research methods of the livestock ecology, and proposed the corresponding suggestion to drive forward the subject development of the livestock ecology.

Widely distributed in various feed ingredients and animal feed, mycotoxin contaminated and spoiled the feed, led to various disease to animal and even caused acute toxicity to death of animals and brought great loss to the breeding industry. The article deduced the hazard of mycotoxin to the animal and the detection methods in the feed and animal tissues to perfect the mycotoxin detection methods and reduce the hazard of mycotoxin to the animal.

Feed Science，the specialized course of the major of animal nutrition and feed science, is very important for the personnel training of animal science area in agricultural colleges and Universities. The suitable pattern for the bilingual teaching of Feed Science course has been established through 4year exploration and practice. The aim of this paper is to summarize the teaching pattern of this course in the college, and also to provide some information for other similar agricultural colleges and universities.

Zoology experimental course is a professional basic course of many specialties in agricultural universities and it plays an important role in the disciplinary system. To meet the need of training innovative and entrepreneurial talents, it is necessary to add innovation experiments to the zoological experiment course. In this teaching practice,sophomore, junior to senior students were offered the innovation experiments, and the constraint factors, achievements and efficiency, as well as some experience on innovation experiments were summarized, and suggestions for improving innovation experiments were also put forward.