［1］Kelly R W. Lamb mortality and growth to weaning in commercial Merino flocks in Western Australia［J］. Austr J Agric Res, 1992, 43:1 399-1 416.

［2］Binns S H, Cox I J, Rizvi S, et al. Risk factors for lamb mortality on UK sheep farms［J］. Prevent Vet Med, 2002, 52:287-303.

［3］Fisher M W. New Zealand narratives of the benefits of reduced human intervention during lambing in extensive farming systems［J］. J Agric Environ Ethics, 2003, 16:77-90.

［4］Southey B B, Rodriguez-Zas S L, Leymaster K A. Competing risks analysis of lamb mortality in a terminal sire composite population［J］. J Anim Sci, 2004, 82:2 892-2 899.［5］Sawalha R M, Conington S, Brotherstone J, et al. Analyses of lamb survival in Scottish Blackface sheep［J］. Animal, 2007, 1:151-157.

［6］Dwyer C M, Lawrence A B. A review of the behavioural and physiological adaptations of extensively managed breeds of sheep that favour lamb survival［J］. Appl Anim Behav Sci, 2005, 92:235-260.

［7］K-nig von Borstel U, Moors E, Schichowski C, et al. Breed differences in maternal behaviour in relation to lamb (Ovis orientalis aries) productivity［J］. Livestock Science, 2011, 137, (1-3):42-48. 

［8］Shillito E E, Hoyland V J. Observations on parturition and maternal care in Soay sheep［J］. J Zool, 1971, 63: 868-875.

［9］Vince M A. Newborn lambs and their dams:the interaction that leads to sucking［J］. Adv Study Behav, 1993, 22:239-268.

［10］Hernandez H, Serafin N, Vazquez H, et al. Maternal selectivity suppression through peripheral anosmia affects neither overall nursing frequency and duration, nor lactation performance in ewes［J］. Behav Processes, 2001, 53:203-209.

［11］Keller M, Meurisse M, Poindron P, et al. Maternal experience influences the establishment of visual/auditory but not olfactory recognition of the newborn lamb by ewes at parturition［J］. Dev Psychobiol, 2003, 43:167-176.

［12］Geist V. Mountain Sheep:A Study in Behaviour and Evolution［M］.Chicago, IL:University of Chicago Press, 1971.

［13］Dwyer C M, Lawrence A B. Variability in the in expression of maternal behaviour in primiparous sheep: effects of genotype and litter size［J］. Appl Anim Behav Sci, 1998, 58:311-330.

［14］Kendrick K M, Keverne E B. Importance of progesterone and estrogen priming for the induction of maternal behaviour by vaginocervical stimulation in sheep: Effects of maternal experience［J］. Physiol Behav, 1991, 49:745-750.

［15］Kendrick K M, Keverne E B, Baldwin B A. Intracerebroventricular oxytocin stimulates maternal behaviour in the sheep［J］. Neuroendocrinology, 1987, 46:56-61.

［16］Le'vy F, Kendrick K M, Keverne E B, et al. Intracerebral oxytocin is important for the onset of maternal behavior in inexperienced ewes delivered under peridural anesthesia［J］. Behav Neurosci, 1992, 106:427-432.

［17］Dwyer C M, Dingwall W A, Lawrence A B. Physiological correlates of maternal-offspring behaviour in sheep: A factor analysis［J］. Physiol Behav, 1999, 67:443-454.

［18］Dwyer C M, Gilbert C L, Lawrence A B. Prepartum plasma estradiol and post-partum cortisol, but not oxytocin, are associated with individual differences in the expression of maternal behavior in sheep［J］. Horm Behav, 2004, 46:529-543.

［19］Broad K D, Le'vy F, Evans G, et al. Previous maternal experience potentiates the effect of parturition on oxytocin receptor mRNA expression in the paraventricular nucleus［J］. Eur J Neurosci, 1999, 11:3 725-3 737.

［20］Meurisse M, Gonzalez A, Delsol G, et al. Estradiol receptor-alpha expression in hypothalamic and limbic regions of ewes is influenced by physiological state and maternal experience［J］. Horm Behav, 2005, 48:34-43.

［21］Whateley J, Kilgour R, Dalton D C. Behaviour of hill country sheep during farming routines［J］. Proc N Z Soc Anim Prod, 1974, 34:243-245.

［22］Alexander G, Stevens D, Kilgour R, et al. Separation of ewes from twin lambs: Incidence in several sheep breeds［J］. Appl Anim Ethol, 1983, 10:301-317.

［23］Poindron P, Le Neindre P, Le'vy F, et al. The physiological mechanisms of the acceptance of the newborn among sheep［J］. Biol Behav, 1984, 9:65-88.

［24］Le Neindre P, Murphy P M, Boissy A, et al. Genetics of maternal ability in cattle and sheep［J］. Proc 6th World Congr Genet Livest Prod, 1998, 27:23-30.

［25］Shillito-Walser E. Maternal recognition and breed identity in lambs living in a mixed flock of Jacob, Clun Forest and Dalesbred sheep［J］. Appl Anim Ethol, 1980, 6:221-231.

［26］Dwyer C M, Lawrence A B. Effects of maternal genotype and behaviour on the behavioural development of their offspring in sheep［J］. Behaviour, 2000, 137:1 629-1 654.

［27］O'Connor C E, Lawrence A B. Relationship between lamb vigour and ewe behaviour at parturition［J］. Anim Prod, 1992, 54:361-366.

［28］O'Connor C E, Jay N P, Nicol A M, et al. Ewe maternal behaviour score and lamb survival［J］. Proc N Z Soc Anim Prod, 1985, 45:159-162.

［29］Lambe N R, Conington J, Bishop S C, et al. A genetic analysis of maternal behaviour score in Scottish Blackface sheep［J］. Anim Sci, 2001, 72:415-425.

［30］Everett-Hincks J M, Lopez-Villalobos N, Blair H T, et al. The effect of ewe maternal behaviour score on lamb and litter survival［J］. Livest Prod Sci, 2004, 93:51-61.

［31］Dwyer C M, Lawrence A B, Bishop S C, et al. Ewe-lamb bonding behaviours at birth are affected by maternal undernutrition in pregnancy［J］. Br J Nutr, 2003, 89:123-136.

［32］Dwyer C M, Lawrence A B. Ewe-ewe and ewe-lamb behaviour in a hill and a lowland breed of sheep: A study using embryo transfer［J］. Appl Anim Behav Sci, 1999, 61:319-334.

［33］Dwyer C M, Lawrence A B, Brown H E, et al. The effect of ewe and lamb genotype on gestation length, lambing ease and neonatal behaviour of lambs［J］. Reprod Fertil Dev, 1996, 8:1 123-1 129.

［34］Dwyer C M, Lawrence A B. Does the behaviour of the neonate influence the expression of maternal behaviour in sheep［J］. Behaviour, 1999, 136:367389.

［35］Kate J P, Michelle L H, Forbes D B, et al. The genetics of temperament in Merino sheep and relationships with lamb survival［J］. Appl Anim Behav Sci, 2011, 134:130135.